Organic Chemistry Essay -- Chemistry

Chemistry has been called the accomplishment of what things are. Its intent is the exploration of the nature of the materials that become our physical environment, wherefore they hold the different properties that depict them, how their atomic structure may be fathomed, and how they may be domainipulated and changed.Although extreme reactions have been conducted by man since the discovery of fire, the recognition of Organic chemistry did not develop until the turn of the eighteenth century, mainly in France at first, then in Germany, later on in England. By far the largest variety of materials that bombard us are made up of organic elements. The begetning of the Ninetieth century was also the break of day of chemistry, all organic substances were understood as all being materials catchd by animate organisms wood, b peerless, cloth, food, medicines, and the complex substances that configure the human body. Inorganic material was believed to come from the land salt, metals, and rock, just to pass water a few. Because of the humans wonder of natural life, organic materials were believed to possess an enigmatic Vital Force. Thus organic chemistry was set-apart from inorganic chemistry, and it became its own field of science. By the turn of the Nineteenth the Vital Force theory was immensely discredited, but this branch of science becalm stayed separated from inorganic chemistry. Back when Organic chemistry was the chemistry of living matter, Professor Wohler succeeded in synthesizing in the laboratory an organic compound previously find in living tissue as Urea. Professor Wohler made this organic compound from non-living chemical substance, Ammonium Cyanate. He evaporated a solution of Ammonium Cyanate to produce Urea. Thus comment the Vital Force theory to be with flaws. Other famous experiments proved the vitalism theory was wrong. In 1845 Kolbe synthesised acetic acid, the chief component in vinegar, in a flow of reactions starting with Carbon, t he experiment is demonstrated better defined since acetic acid (C6H4O2) is a carbon-carbon bond. The theory of vitalism, like many other(a) scientific theories, disappeared behind under the weight of accumulated evidence rather than as a consequence of any one brilliant and enlightening experiment. structural theory, which developed in the 1860s, started the second major period of growth in the organic chemistry field. The de... ...reactions were already known and in active use to synthesize organic compounds into other compounds, only with this understanding of the nature of a chemical bond did a clear reason of the nature an mechanism of chemical reactions begin to appear. This will be clear when one realizes that the transformation of one molecule to another, a chemical reaction, requires the breaking of some bonds and the making of others. This process could not be understood until one knew what a bond is. Thus if the nineteenth century was devoted to unraveling the fixed s tructures of molecules, the twentieth century will be devoted to the subject area of their transformations.The study of science and more specifically the study of organic chemistry is an on going affair. In the scientific community one never rests, in that respect is a continuous stream of experimentation and the desire to explore new realms. The cutting edge in science is grounded in the medical field. How can we belie genetic codes the construct blocks of life? The things we have learned over the years are allowing us to build those bridges to the future, a future that might suck in an improvement in the human condition by way of organic chemistry. Organic Chemistry Essay -- Chemistry Chemistry has been called the science of what things are. Its intent is the exploration of the nature of the materials that fabricate our physical environment, why they hold the different properties that depict them, how their atomic structure may be fathomed, and how they may b e manipulated and changed.Although organic reactions have been conducted by man since the discovery of fire, the science of Organic chemistry did not develop until the turn of the eighteenth century, mainly in France at first, then in Germany, later on in England. By far the largest variety of materials that bombard us are made up of organic elements. The beginning of the Ninetieth century was also the dawn of chemistry, all organic substances were understood as all being materials produced by living organisms wood, bone, cloth, food, medicines, and the complex substances that configure the human body. Inorganic material was believed to come from the Earth salt, metals, and rock, just to name a few. Because of the humans wonder of natural life, organic materials were believed to possess an enigmatic Vital Force. Thus organic chemistry was separated from inorganic chemistry, and it became its own field of science. By the turn of the Nineteenth the Vital Force theory was immensely dis credited, but this branch of science still stayed separated from inorganic chemistry. Back when Organic chemistry was the chemistry of living matter, Professor Wohler succeeded in synthesizing in the laboratory an organic compound previously observed in living tissue as Urea. Professor Wohler made this organic compound from non-living chemical substance, Ammonium Cyanate. He evaporated a solution of Ammonium Cyanate to produce Urea. Thus rendering the Vital Force theory to be with flaws. Other famous experiments proved the vitalism theory was wrong. In 1845 Kolbe synthesized acetic acid, the chief component in vinegar, in a flow of reactions starting with Carbon, the experiment is demonstrated better defined since acetic acid (C6H4O2) is a carbon-carbon bond. The theory of vitalism, like many other scientific theories, disappeared slowly under the weight of accumulated evidence rather than as a consequence of any one brilliant and enlightening experiment. Structural theory, which de veloped in the 1860s, started the second major period of growth in the organic chemistry field. The de... ...reactions were already known and in active use to synthesize organic compounds into other compounds, only with this understanding of the nature of a chemical bond did a clear reason of the nature an mechanism of chemical reactions begin to appear. This will be clear when one realizes that the transformation of one molecule to another, a chemical reaction, requires the breaking of some bonds and the making of others. This process could not be understood until one knew what a bond is. Thus if the nineteenth century was devoted to unraveling the fixed structures of molecules, the twentieth century will be devoted to the study of their transformations.The study of science and more specifically the study of organic chemistry is an on going affair. In the scientific community one never rests, there is a continual stream of experimentation and the desire to explore new realms. The cutting edge in science is grounded in the medical field. How can we manipulate genetic codes the building blocks of life? The things we have learned over the years are allowing us to build those bridges to the future, a future that might see an improvement in the human condition by way of organic chemistry.

Essay --

This statement can be applied across the field of womens psychology. Throughout history, the selfsame(prenominal) stories that are being told over and over again have omitted specific parts for certain reasons. There is a pattern of omission and its unremarkably the perspectives that are controversial. The significance of this is that in the psychology of women specifically, womens perspectives have been omitted from certain struggles that they face throughout history. Their voices arent deliberately shut out, but erased by ignorance. The two areas I want to discuss about erasure are violence against women and mothering. Violence against women is a serious topic and physical or sexual shame against a woman can be life threatening. There is controversy, and questions always arise, when theres a case of a woman being assaulted by a man. Who is to blame and why did this happen? Mothering is another topic that is controversial in the homeless community. There are mixed feel ings about what actions should be taken in regards to the placement of homeless children and the status of the mother. Womens voices are often erased from the media in regards to sexual violence against them. In the article that Crenshaw wrote about inequalities between tweed and black women, she states that when black women of lower social economic status are raped, there is a higher chance that the incident will not be reported as opposed to a white woman being raped. Also, the recovery stages are biased between the two. White administrators dont make the needs of black women after they have been raped therefore, they dont receive proper counseling services and may suffer from psychological harm. In relation to the statement of erasure, these specific... ...the ignorance. People need to be educated on how the system works or in this case, doesnt work. These homeless mothers need to be interviewed through an unfiltered process and embraced to share their side of the stor y. For change to happen, these tales of humiliation and embarrassment need to be uncovered. In conclusion, the statement paints a picture with holes in it holes that lonesome(prenominal) can be seen by those affected by them. Women are the centerpiece for these issues. Their voices are being quieten, and the truth being omitted and manipulated to fit the needs of others. Women have been silenced about rape whether it is in the courtrooms or in the color of their skin. Homeless mothers are ostracized for their unfortunate circumstances and have no representation. Women play a let out role in society to continue the fluidity of life. Let their voice be heard.

Diamonds in the Rough :: Nature Rocks Outdoors Essays

Diamonds in the Rough Nature is full of many awe-inspiring things, from majestic mountains to carpets of flowers. There is much artistic creativity enliven by nature, but it is oftentimes of valleys, and streams. Rarely do we attend the crusheder pieces that make up such grand pictures. There are few stack who appreciate the beauty of a single leaf, or a single drop of water. It is even rarer to find a person who finds beauty in a rock. For most people rocks are only beautiful if polished up and set in gold or silver. I am certainly no exception, however, I am often intrigued by the lower class of rocks. It takes a child, or an adult in touch with their inner child, to find the potential of the average, stigma covered rock. Through the eyes of a child, each rock takes on a personality, be it a country cousin or a pernickety countess. Come through the eyes of a child and experience the beauty and majesty of a rock, from the simple stone to the classy diamond . On our daily journeys we often pass by the humblest of rocks, those that decorate our gardens, or the ones that are simply buried in the dirt at the park. Most of us see a rock, if we see it all. These quiet stones are the lowest caste of the rock world, but they do not lack their own impressiveness. They come in all shapes and sizes, from large and smooth, to small with jagged edges. They even come in different colors and patterns, swirled greys, and pale creams, deep browns, and smooth reds. Like fingerprints, or people themselves, no rock is like any other. These rocks are a chids friend, another door to the imagination. Children use them to build houses for gnomes, and pretend they are people. We adults simply smile and indulge the child, never in one case looking beyond the rock. Yet sometimes I find myself imagining this plain grey rocks journey. Did it form in the bowels of the earth, from molten rock? Did it earn its way to the surface over centurie s of time?

Plato and Aristotle: Their Contributions to the Development of Western

The philosophies of Plato and Aristotle and their contributions to the development of western philosophy.Plato was a classical Greek philosopher and one of the top 5 contributors to Western philosophy, educator after his mentor, Socrates and teacher of Aristotle. His mundaneness as a writer started while under the tutelage of Socrates, continued through his establishing of his own academy, (The Academy of Athens which has been labeled as the first establishment of higher learning in the Western World) and throughout his many years as an open minded author. Many of his works in early maturity displayed his willingness to ask questions of any type, no preference to scope, difficulty withstanding, political and intellectual current issues. Plato had such an authentic feature to his writings that made him so lots more distinctive among any other of the great philosophers and that literary way stands alone but has been referred to many of his contemporaries and close followers through the centuries. That specialized style is the dialogue form, not as many of the other brilliant ...

Television and Parents are Corrupting Our Youth :: Television TV Media

Television and Parents are Corrupting Our YouthWhat is the first thing population usually do when they first go home? For many, head for the recliner and grab the remote to see whats on goggle box. Its a insouciant routine for most people. Since the invention of picture, adverse effects such as obesity and increased violence in the emulation of television acts has been displayed in children. notwithstanding who is to blame, the Television or the childrens parents? Many would say that the parents are to blame. Others would blame the television. I blame both. The parents should monitor how much and what their children view on television, but the television invented the v-chip, making the parents think that its ok that their kids stayed glued to the television.The v-chip was an invention placed into television sets to allow parents to block out what they dont think is clutch for their children to watch (http//www.tvguidelines.org/). The parents then forget to monitor the amounts of television their children watch because they were just worried that their kids might see something naughty. The kids come in after school, grab a bag of cookies and a soda, and theyre set for the rest of the afternoon. Before the parents know what hit them, their children are fat and lazy. They just sit on the couch and much refuse to move. In my opinion, the television has been one of the reasons that children have become corrupted as well. They are watching all of these different shows and mimicking what they see. For example, a twelve course of instruction old boy is watching Jackass unattended. Sure, it is a funny show, but how will their parents react when they find out that their child has been killed by something they copied off of a TV show? Especially one entitled Jackass. Several cases as such have popped up since the show first premiered. In Albuquerque, New Mexico a fifteen year old boy was killed by a car trying to do his own jackass trick (http//www.channelonenew s.com/articles/2002/12/20/ap_jackass/.). though Jackass is still a threat to our youth, I think there is still a larger problem. Due to the rising popularity of video game systems, television has become almost obsolete to our youth. But they still have to hook their Playstation or XBOX to a TV. In turn, they purchase games they saw advertised on a commercial.

Television and Parents are Corrupting Our Youth :: Television TV Media

Television and Parents are Corrupting Our YouthWhat is the offshoot thing people usually do when they first go home? For many, head for the recliner and grab the remote to see whats on idiot box. Its a daily routine for most people. Since the construct of television, adverse effects such as obesity and increased violence in the emulation of television acts has been displayed in children. But who is to blame, the Television or the childrens parents? Many would say that the parents are to blame. Others would blame the television. I blame both. The parents should monitor how much and what their children view on television, but the television invented the v-chip, making the parents think that its ok that their kids stayed glued to the television.The v-chip was an invention placed into television sets to allow parents to block out what they dont think is appropriate for their children to watch (http//www.tvguidelines.org/). The parents then pull up stakes to monitor the amounts of t elevision their children watch because they were just worried that their kids might see something naughty. The kids come in after school, grab a bag of cookies and a soda, and theyre set for the rest of the afternoon. Before the parents know what hit them, their children are fat and lazy. They just sit on the couch and practically refuse to move. In my opinion, the television has been one of the reasons that children have become corrupted as well. They are reflection all of these different shows and mimicking what they see. For example, a twelve year sexagenarian boy is watching Jackass unattended. Sure, it is a funny show, but how will their parents react when they find out that their child has been killed by something they copied off of a TV show? in particular one entitled Jackass. Several cases as such have popped up since the show first premiered. In Albuquerque, New Mexico a fifteen year old boy was killed by a car trying to do his own jackass trick (http//www.channelonene ws.com/articles/2002/12/20/ap_jackass/.). Though Jackass is still a threat to our youth, I think there is still a larger problem. Due to the rising popularity of video game systems, television has become almost old to our youth. But they still have to hook their Playstation or XBOX to a TV. In turn, they purchase games they saw advertised on a commercial.

Leadership: An argument for advances in its development

Civilization and its achievements, like the wheel, hinge on the hub of leadership. The ebb and tide of institution empires point to the reins handled or pulled by individuals who exert power and influence. In this country, and even in the remainder of the world, the assertions and importance of leadership is re-emphasized in many ways because of the quick evolving paradigms that assume a more than pervasive role in the society. This is the era of organizational revolution.The time is marked with rapid shifts in the demography of our workforce, changing incorporated culture, and changing organizations. Organizational forms have become more complex and new forms have been developed (Block, 1981). The management or leadership of people has never been as important and crucial than ever before. Today, it is considered a central figure and the key to productivity and quality especially in a very competitive society. In the light of the rapid shift in todays organization, the skills re quired of humane resource managers, beginners in the profession and even aspiring students in the discipline, rest on the foundation of knowledge on the whole gamut of human resources management, specifically management theories applied in the setting (Kline & Saunders, 1993).The need for a more efficient, stintingal and equitable management of the people in the industry or organization has never been as pronounced as it is today. This need has never been brought about by factors which inevitably affect not only the established structures and ways of doing things within the force atomic number 18a but also by the more meaningful and straight task of managing the organizations most important asset the human capital. Among these factors atomic number 18 stiffer competition in business rapid changes in technological, competitive and economic environments the explosion of technical and managerial knowledge spiraling wage and benefits cost and so many others. These factors have no doubt been responsible for the emergence of the personnel function as a vital area in the implementation of corporate strategy (Bruffee, 1993).The arguments set forth in this paper spins around the base of operations of leadership there have been continued major advancements in the developments of basic leadership theories in the past 200 years. One of the evidences simply is the theory frame forth by Dr. Elliot Jacques, the great Canadian psychologist. Theories abound regarding perspectives of leadership. When Elliot Jacques developed the concept of requisite organization it served as a unified whole system cast for what he deemed effective managerial leadership.Some of the core beliefs in Jacques system, for instance, imply that people are supposed to be compensated on the basis of their individual aptitude or skills and foresight and how long it was before their judgment could be verified. Jacques also thought that where leadership gurus or external consultant like the ODs a re concerned, these are only evaluated and equated with alchemy as such(prenominal) these do not involve existing concepts or precise or thorough definitions but rather are considered as rubbish and inauthentic to say the least. Jacques persuasion centers on much of what he calls as maximum amount of personal responsibility and encourages on any part of the organization, or team for that matter, to be stakeholders and thus have a say in the problems at hand.In organizational behavior which is basic to the management of human resource, it points to the inquiry and application of learning about how people, individuals, and groups perform, operate, and work in organizations. It accomplishes this by means of adopting a system improvement (Demick & Miller, 1993). Explicitly, it infers people-organization affairs in terms of the intact person, group totality, complete organization, and total social structure. Its intention is to put up enhance relations by bump offing human goals, or ganizational purposes, and social goals (Kanter, 1999). In such a milieu, the goals to effect change are influenced by several significant factors which are crucial to the overall results. Hence, there are expected leadership behaviors that assert momentum during the change process (Demick & Miller, 1993).This strategic system model put forth by Jacques is a methodical approach to managing the human capital. Those who study and run use of that data in exclusive contexts are rightly described as professionals in them lies the heart and soul of the profession. Industrial-age institutions look for routine and habit double-dyed(a) through standardized measures. Complex responsibilities are split into simple steps that are assigned to organizational positions to guarantee that employees are both interchangeable and effortlessly replaced. Bureaucratic hierarchies are likely to esteem proven evaluation of specific aspects of complex managerial tasks. In view of this, the picture of lead ership is in worldly concern changing as the image of organizations changes. Analysis ascertains those who require training and what skills or performance improvements are designated. Aims and goals set the restriction for the instructional outline and help attain the appropriate learning outcomes (Kincheloe, 1991).Peter Northouse, author of Leadership system and Practice observed the revival of an all-encompassing skills-based model of leadership distinguished by a symbolize for how to reach efficient leadership in organizations (Northouse, 2004). He recommended that the classification of specific skills which can be improved by training has an intuitive appeal When leadership is framed as a set of skills, it becomes a process that people can study and practice to become better at their jobs (Northouse, 2004).He also suggests that although the skills-based approach claims not to be a trait model, it includes individual attributes that look a great deal like traits. The act of le adership is also an exercise of moralistic reasoning. In their book Unmasking Administrative Evil, Guy Adams and Danny Balfour caution against elevating the scientific-analytical mindset higher than all other forms of rationality. Even as the rise of technical rationality led inevitably to specialized, expert knowledge, the very life blood of the professional, it also spawned unintended consequences in the areas of morals and ethics as the science-based technical rationality undermined prescriptive judgments and relegated ethical considerations to afterthoughts (Adams & Balfour, 2004).Distinguished scholar Ronald Heifetz on the other hand, developed a definition of leadership that takes values into account. He maintains that we should look at leadership as more than a means to organizational effectiveness. Efficiency means getting achievable decisions that execute the goals of the organization. This definition has the benefit of being generally applicable, but it provides no real guide to determine the nature or formation of those goals. (Heifetz, 1994). Heifetz went on to say that values such as liberty, equality, human welfare, justice, and community are inculcated with first-rate leaders (Heifetz, 1994). It is a necessity then, the infusion of these principles into the leader and from the leader into the organization.Reference1. Adams, Guy B. & Danny L. Balfour, 2004. Unmasking Administrative Evil (Armonk, N.Y. M. E. Sharpe, pp. 31-36.Beckhard, R. 1969. Organization Development Strategies and Models, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Permissions Department, 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030 USA. Block, Peter, Flawless Consulting A imbibe to Getting Your Expertise Used, University Associates, San Diego, CA 1981. Bruffee, Kenneth A. Collaborative Learning Higher Education, Interdependence, and the Authority of Knowledge. Baltimore Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1993. Demick, J. and Miller, P., Development in the Workplace, Lawrence Erlbau m Associates, Publishers, New Jersey, 1993. Heifetz, Ronald A., 1994. Leadership Without Easy Answers (Cambridge, Mass. Harvard Univ. Press, pp. 21-22. Northouse, Peter G. 2004. Leadership Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, Calif. Sage, pp. 35-52.

Hipaa Case Study

HIPAA Case Study Rasmussen College Author Note This research is being submitted on November 18, 2012 for Lashonda Crockett H340/HSA3422 Section 03 Regulation and Compliance in Health Care. How does HIPAA serve to hold dear patient rights? Answer in general terms, but then apply the question to the case study. (Who is HIPAA serving here in terms of patient rights? Explain. Should HIPAA be applied here at all? Why or why not? ) HIPAA is in place to protect patients and all their medical information. This was a fill violation.If they would not have mentioned names, ages or other identifying factors except for the issue at hand they would not be in violation. Since they spoke of names and other identifiers in a place where they can be overheard, the people who were referred to her for help can easily be searched and found and then be ridiculed for the issues at hand. What areas of HIPAA compliance blow the employer? This employer that employees these workers can be sued. If anyone had wanted to confront the people they spoke about, it could be a way for these individuals could lose their jobs, housing or worse.They can be steer with slander as well. This is just a horrible situation for the employer since they could have criminal charges they would have to fire these workers. Then those workers would have a hard conviction find another job. What actions should the ICMHA director take about the alleged HIPAA violation in the case? This would definitely be an issue of considering these employees work history to beguile if this has happened before. Even though the work load is heavy due to losing an employee, I would have to look into suspending these workers and do a check into their work history.There would be duologue with this family and grandmother who overheard them. It would possibly come down to sending them to another place for help and paying for them to get that help. There would also be an audit should be done on the department to see if this is hap pening with anyone else as well as have an employee meeting to state how a new internal legislation on this matter has been made and if this does happen by anyone that termination will happen immediately.

Police Corruption Essay

IntroductionPolice corruption must be taken into bet as a likely social cost of the legislative creation of victimless crimes this is a gener totallyy accepted conclusion of extensive academic and official investigations, which has had a significant impact on discussions of maneuver control insurance in the USA (Morin Commission 1976 40-2). Such willingness to discuss corruption and its effects contrasts with the official wavering to do so and the defensive reaction which allegations of corruption provoke in the UK (Doig 1984). fogion and allegations of corruption beget occurred regularly in British jurisprudence history, and gambling has very much been involved. In the 1820s and 1830s, lotteries and gaming were the sources (Miller 1977 126-48). In 1877, a betting scandal was at the heart of the first major corruption scandal to confront the organise New Police (Clarkson and Richardson 1889 261). There is little dispute that, until 1960, police-bookmaker relations of varying d egrees of impropriety were normal practice and that their existence was no secret in working-class communities.According to Harry Daley, who served in the Metropolitan Police from the 1920s to the 1940sCollection was all too easy. The bookmaker was usually down an alley or behind a pub. You approached slowly, gazing straight ahead with what you hoped looked like dignified indifference, and wiped up the half crown from the ledge on which he had placed it before get out of the way for you to pass. Brewers draymen, window cleaners, painters and decorators, gossiping women, all suspended their activities for a moment or two to watch the familiar ceremony . . . I appetency they could have sent the m sensationy to me in a plain envelope, as I knew they did to my Superintendent . . . ( 1986 94-5).Stage-managed arrests were part of the arrangement, as a witness from the other grimace, Arthur Harding, explainedIt was what they called taking a turn. In some divisions it was three times a year, to show the authorities at Scotland Yard when they make up their statistics that the police were doing their job. In every division the police had two men whose job it was to take the bookmakers in. They didnt have to hide in a cart or anything like that, theyd come round quite polite and say, Albert, stick a man up tomorrow, were having a raid (Samuel 1981 180). 15Corrupt police-bookmaker dealings were a matter of substantial concern during the flow of this study not only for the 1923 Select Committee, but also for two Royal Commissions on aspects of policing. It will be argued that this issue had a substantial influence on policy discussions. However, it was seldom discussed frankly for it to be an acceptable topic of unrestricted debate, it had to be presented in the restrictive frame of reference which is generally applied to corruption in British public life.This is constructed around an official rhetoric of ill-scented apples and dull sheep which generates superficia l ex protrudeations, minimizes the scale of the problem, and stresses that the authorities atomic number 18 vigilant and committed to the eradication of corruption (Doig 1984 382-6). When publicity meant that police corruption could not be publicly ignored, the wrong which it caused could be contained by dealing with it within this frame of reference.It was r atomic number 18ly in anyones interest to challenge this approach. The police and the Home Office were obviously core not to do so. Despite offers of immunity from prosecution, the bookmakers thought that no good would come from being candid about their relations with the police. closingly, it was an awkward issue for anti-gamblers to foster trance they became to a greater extent forthright in later years, this remained an issue which had to be broached very carefully if anything other than official defensiveness was to be expected in response.Therefore, it would be nave to expect an accurate picture of police corruption to emerge from the official reports and papers to which access is possible. The present intention is not to onslaught to produce much(prenominal) a picture rather, it is necessary to examine critically the way in which police corruption was discussed in the official hearings and reports of the period in order to found the argument that corruption was a matter of considerable concern to those involved in the reconsideration of gambling control policy, and that it was a vital, hitherto if unarticulated, factor in the discussions of police-community relations which will be examined in Sections v and vii. Such sources are useful for this purpose so long as one is prepared to work against the grain of the material and to be continuously aware of how categories and opinions are distorted by the investigative procedure (Harrison 1982 308, quoting Samuel).The qualification officially is vital here the point which this counter- smear obscures is that when police officers and others talke d about harm to the moral character of the force, a reference (which did not have to be made explicit) was being made to the threat and the effects of police corruption.Up to this point, the term police corruption has been used loosely before going further, it is important to note the distinction between two broad categories of police deviance. The tendency of many commentators to treat police corruption simply in terms of bribery as a financial transaction between two individuals (or groups of individuals) can imply succumbing to the official rhetoric about corruption (Shearing 1981 4).Shearing differentiates between corruption, defined as activeness producing personal, normally financial, gain for a police officer, and organizational police deviance, defined as activity designed to further organizational objectives rather than to aid financial gain (1981 2).Police culture has habitually distinguished between corruption in relation to serious crimes and in relation to minor res trictive offences (Devereux 1949 81). In the latter case, corruption is seen not as indicative of a deeper venality, but as an acceptable method of negotiating a tolerable everyday birth with the public.The important, more general point shown here is that law enforcement is only one of several, possibly competing police objectives. As the Morin Commission pointed out, police discretion is broad abounding to permit the establishing of policies aimed at achieving goals other than that presumed to be intended by statutetotal prohibition (1976 38). These include improvement of the polices ambit and public order maintenance. Indeed, the latter is more fundamental to policing than law enforcementCrime fighting has never been, is not, and could not be the prime activity of the police . . . The core say-so of the police, historically and in terms of concrete demands placed upon the police is the more diffuse one of order maintenance (Reiner 1985 171-2).THE NATURE OF POLICE CORRUPTION An utilization of wampum Police Corruption CaseLazarus Averbuch lived on the near West ramp, teeming with poor Russian Jews by day, but at night a saturnalia of vice and crime. Cocaine addicts with miserable blank stares shuffled in and out of Adolph Brendeckes drugstone on Sangamon Street for their daily fix, issued discreetly under the counter for 25 cents a bag. Between Morgan and Green Streets Mike de Pike Heitler ran a white slave racket under the watchful eyes of Inspector Edward McCann, a bull-necked, rough-hewn policeman whose greatest joy was playing cribbage in the back room of the Des Plaines Street Station.1A small gold cross was affixed to the front of his vest, for McCann was a man of God who tried to instill in his nine children the Christian virtues. Id say I was glad to be suspended and have a chance to stay at home and play with the kids, he said in reply to States Attorney John Wayman, whose forbidding crusade uncovered the truth about McCann.For months McCann e xacted tribute from the highest gambler bosses to the lowliest streetwalker. Protection bills was delivered in a leather satchel in accordance with instructions condition to Louis and Julius Frank, two of Hitlers men. The price of doing business on the West Side in 1909 rose to $550 a month, a sum that the criminal panders finally refused to pay. With his money McCann purchased a stable of prized race horses. If I had been grafting I wouldnt have driven so many people out of business, he said, helplessness to add that only the rebellious elements who refused to pay up were banished from the district.McCann was indicted by a grand jury, convicted, and sent to the Joliet Penitentiary on September 24, 1909. It was one of the hardest-fought cases in the solicit corpse up to that time. Wayman based his case on the testimony of West Side underworld figures, which raised some doubts about McCanns guilt or innocence. After the prison doors slammed shut the friends of the inspector circu lated a petition urging the governor to grant executive clemency.Thirty thousand people, including church leaders, settlement workers, businessmen, and causality President Theodore Roosevelt, who had served for a time as police commissioner of New York, affixed their signatures to the document. Colonel Roosevelt cited McCanns sterling record before he was sent to the West Side as a reason for an official pardon.Indeed, the scorecard, at least on the surface, showed more hits than misses. Since taking over as inspector of the West Side regulate in March 1908, McCann was credited with abolishing dozens of immoral houses, the return of 200 errant girls to their parents, curtailment of the cocaine traffic, enforcement of the 100 AM closing, and the regulation of concert halls and the five-cent theaters that screened salacious and suggestive movies. Social worker at Hull House lauded McCann for his efforts, and municipal judges, juvenile officers, and church officials marveled at the clean-up of the Des Plaines District.Dont give me all the credit for the work, McCann protested. Its the men. They know Im behind them and they do the work. Im behind them because I know the right men are behind me. I will say this the day of the man with the pull has passed at this station. Im not allowing poor ignorant foreigners to be robbed by gr later ons who say they have a pull. McCann, like so many other powerful police officials, was able to pick and choose his partners in the vice club. When the indictments were turn over down and the inspector went off to jail, there were hundreds of city officials and church reformers who chose not to believe that such a fine man could be guilty as charged.Thus, with an eye toward saving McCanns police pension, Governor Charles Deneen commuted the sentence just 30 days before his retirement benefits were scheduled to expire (Duis, 1978). The Republican verbalises attorney had sent to prison a man of his own party, an uncommon event in those partisan days. He was roundly criticized from all quarters, while McCann was perceived to be a hero who had been railroaded by an ambitious politician. It was a disturbing setback for the reformers, who counted on the elected officials to uphold the will of the court system and punish wrong-doers.With greater power vested in the district inspectors, two predictable forms of police corruption surfaced arrangements and events. The illicit money and gifts that McCann received over a period of months was an ongoing arrangement. The short-term, single acts of corruption, such as the one-time payoff given to 15 officers assigned to Comiskey Park on Labor Day, 1911, can be thought of as an event.Eyewitnesses charged the police with accepting $50 bribes from a gang of sidewalk bookies betting on the Gotch-Hackenschmidt wrestling match inside the ballpark. In both instances, foreign factors stimulated the detection and punishment since the police, either through their own inertia or b ecause of direct influence from the pass, seemed unwilling to initiate an internal investigation.These two unrelated incidents of police malfeasance suggest that the department could not satisfactorily manage its own affairs unless the proper internal controls were in place. In direct contrast to the police, the Chicago Fire Department remained relatively free of scandal from the time the metropolis Council took the budgetary responsibility away from the Police Commission in 1874 until 1903, when a polite Service probe revealed some illegal hiring practices. From 1879 until his retirement in 1901, the Fire Department was run by Chief Denis Swenie, a blunt, hard-working administrator who feared no semipolitical reprisals.The firefighters were, in the words of Mayor Harrison, Dennys boys. One reason Swenie was able to maintain the department on a stable, efficient basis was his ambitious plan to create a unit within the rank-and-file to guard against corruption. In 1880 the Departm ent of Inspection was organized and Chicago profited from an honest, capable Fire Department. Not until 1960 and the reform superintendency of Orlando W. Wilson was such a mechanism put in place in the Police Department. Without these necessary controls the police of the late nineteenth blow and early twentieth century were essentially reactive in their response to a public outcry.THE POLICE AND ROTTEN APPLES In its investigation of police corruption in New York City in the early 1970s, the Knapp Commission 5 encountered departmental shield to recognizing the widespread nature of corruption throughout the department, although it was especially flagrant in the gambling and narcotics units. This resistance was expressed in a departmental attitude that the Commission designated as the crappy apple theory of corruption (Knapp Commission, 1972 6). This theory amounted to an unofficial department precept as to how corruption, when exposed, is to be handled.The theory asserts that corr uption is a problem of individual muck up and not something that should reflect on the department as a whole. A police officer involved in corruption is a rotten apple in an otherwise clean barrel (Knapp Commission, 1972 6). The Commission (Knapp Commission, 1972 6-7) further argued that the rotten apple theory served two purposes (1) Department morale required that there be no official recognition of corruption and (2) the departments image and effectiveness required this official denial.In 1993, the Mollen Commission, which again uncovered corruption in the New York City Police Department 20 years afterwards the Knapp inquiry, encountered this same reluctance by police officials to view corruption in a systemic way. Instead, when corruption surfaced in spite of the blue wall of silence, it was by and large viewed in terms of rogue officers and pockets of corruption, rather than as behavior that might be more deeply embedded in police culture. This was clearly the interpretation of events that Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly favored (James, 1993).The police view of crime and disorder in general can be characterized by this rotten apple theory of military man nature. In this view crime is a function of evil individuals making bad choices such choices are apparently made in relative isolation from external factors such as past experience, culture, and society. Crime, like police corruption, is personified, and the solution becomes linked to identifying the individual troublemakersthe rotten apples. This rotten apple view is not bizarre to the police world view quite the contrary, it is widely shared in our society.When Rodney King was severely beaten by members of the Los Angeles Police Department in 1991 after he led them on an extended car chase, 6 the question again arose Was this brutality due to the aggressive tendencies of a handful of officers, or was it more deeply ingrained in the Los Angeles Police Department? Los Angeles Police Chief Daryl Ga tes apparently subscribed to the rotten apple view, attributing the problems to just a some officers, 300 at most, in a force that had over 8,000 members (Reinhold, 1991).An independent commission that inquired into the King incident, as well as brutality and racism in the department, reported four months later that there were a significant number of officers who repeatedly used excessive force. However, rather than singling out officers or even the chief for blame, the commission viewed the problem as a management and leadership failure. It concluded that there was an organizational culture that emphasizes crime control over crime saloon and that isolates the police from the communities and the people they serve (Reinhold, 1991). There was also evidence that members of this problem group of officers were seldom punished for using excessive force and, in fact, often received glowing evaluations for their performance.Although the Los Angeles commission, like the Knapp Commission be fore it, provided evidence for a more systemic view of the problem, it is the rotten apple view that typically prevails. plot polls showed that most of the U.S. public (whites and blacks) believed the four Los Angeles police officers were guilty (Pope and Ross, 1992), it is not likely that they would have also viewed the King beating as a wider institutional problem of the police. At best, the misconduct of the officers might be attributed to the leadership of the police chief. In fact, Chief Gates was replaced the following year.John A. Gardiner (1977 68) observed a identical phenomenon in his study of gambling and corruption in Wincanton, where corruption seemed to be an ongoing problem. Periodic efforts to solve the problem, however, always seemed to follow a similar policy of throwing the rascals out. This, of course, is another version of the rotten apple theory in which criminality is viewed as an individual trait, rather than as something that is rooted in wider social forc es.The rotten apple theory is another way in which our conventional wisdom conceals or minimizes the harm of white-collar crime Even though criminality is acknowledged, whether it be corruption, police brutality, or some other wrongdoing, the solution is deceptively simple Get rid of the rotten apples or the rascals. By emphasizing the individual misconduct in white-collar crime, this view obscures the links such behavior may have to its organizational and social context, wider cultural patterns, and ongoing institutionalized practices.ConclusionCertainly, the studies do not establish that the police are permitted to be more corrupt, but the results of this study are consistent with this argument. They hold the view that the police are basically a control force and when political agreement and super-subordinate social relations are endangered, police strength increases devoid of the state overruling on behalf of those victimized.Police violence and other crimes cannot then be unde rstood exclusively in conditions of the micro processes linked to work experiences, work-related subcultures, and the lack of avoidance. There is also a need to position these factors into a traditionally informed macro analysis since this focuses our attention on the necessary role the police play in maintaining social structure, and how in response, they are allowed to go beyond the restrictions.ReferenceClarkson C. T., and Richardson J. H. (1889), Police (London Field & Tuer).Daley H. (1986), This Small Cloud (London Weidenfeld & Nicolson).Devereux E. C. (1949), Gambling and the Social Structure, Ph.D. thesis (Harvard Univ.).Doig A. (1984), Corruption and Misconduct in Contemporary British Politics (Harmondsworth Penguin).Harrison B. (1982), Peaceable Kingdom (Oxford Clarendon Press).James George. (1993). Kelly Suggests Hearings Goal Is a Police-Monitoring Agency. New York Times (Sept. 30).Knapp Commission. (1972). the Knapp Commission Report on Police Corruption. New York George Braziller.Miller W. R. (1977), never on Sunday Moralistic Reformers and the Police in London and New York City, 1830-1870, in D. H. Bayley (ed.), Police and Society (London Sage), 126-48.Morin Commission (1976), Gambling in America Final Report of the Commission on the Review of the National Policy toward Gambling (Washington, DC US Government Printing Office).Perry Duis, 1978. The Worlds Greatest relief, Chicago Magazine 4 (May).Pope Carl E. and Lee E. Ross. (1992). Race, Crime and Justice The Aftermath of Rodney King. The Criminologist 17 (Nov.-Dec.) 1, 7-10.Reinhold Robert. (q991). Violence and Racism Are Routine in Los Angeles Police, take apart Says. New York Times (July 10)Samuel R. (1981), East End Underworld Chapters in the Life of Arthur Harding (London RKP).Shearing C. D. (1981), Introduction (Shearing 1981b 1-8).Gardiner John A. (1977). Wincanton The Politics of Corruption. In Jack Douglas and John Johnson, eds., authoritative Deviance, 50-69. Philadelphia J. B. Lippi ncott.1 Honest McCann or foxy McCann? The Tribune could not decide See issue of August 1, 1909.

The Birthday Party, a comedy of menace

Comedy of menace was a term first used to describe Harold Pinters plays by the drama critic Irving Wardle. He borrowed the term from the supply of one of David Camptons plays, The Lunatic View A Comedy of Menace. A comedy is a humorous play which contains variations on the elements of surprise, incongruity, conflict, repetitiveness, and the effect of opposite endureations and so on in order to amuse and make the listening laugh. A menace is something which threatens to cause harm, evil or injury which seems instead incompatible with the idea of a comedy.However, as The Birthday Party awards, it is quite possible for a playwright to create two humor and menace in the same play, and yet at the same time, in order to produce certain effects and to transmit ideas to the sense of hearing. Comedy is afford in The Birthday Party from the real first pictorial matter it is a way of gently introducing the audience to the world which Pinter is try to create. The humour is quite su btle at first, for example the exchange amongst Petey and Meg close to whether Stanley is up or non plays on the words up and d let Meg Is Stanley up yet? Petey I dont know.Is he? Meg I dont know. I havent seen him down. Petey Well then, he stackt be up. Meg Havent you seen him down? . Although the repetitions in this short exchange w stroke not make the audience burst come to the fore with jape they can make them smile and the humour in like manner lulls them into a palpate of comfort. A joke with a similar effect is made through an early(a)(prenominal) short dialogue between Meg and Petey in which Meg continually asks who is having a baby with Petey insisting that she wont know her until finally saying its bird bloody shame Splatt, to which Meg replies anticlimactically I dont know her.This anticlimax as well as the incongruous name of the wo musical composition (we do not imagine a Lady having the surname Splatt) creates humour and again lulls the audience into a sense o f peace and normality. As well as this we get a sense of Megs stupidity, Peteys resignation to it and their blood being unfruitful and routine from their humorous yet uninteresting dialogue. Indeed, half the reason what they say seems funny is because of how pointless it is. Thus, Pinter highlights the uselessness of Meg and Peteys conversation and in extension the uselessness of everyday small talk.The worrying thing for the audience about this comedy is that it evidences a kind of futility Meg does notseem to have much of a life beyond these pointless conversations. Thus, while the humour of the dialogue lightens the tone of the horizon it also poses a question on the passivity and futility of the lives of the geeks and the lives of many throng in general. Humour also serves to draw attention to the strangeness of Meg and Stanleys relationship. Indeed, Meg treats him like a child despite his being a man of thirty. We atomic number 18 made aw be of the incident that Stanley is not a child when he comes on period for the first time.Before this Megs calling him that boy and trying to get him out of bed by calling Stan Stanny Stan Im coming up to fetch you if you dont come down Im coming up Im going to count to iii One Two Three makes the audience think he must be a child. Thus when we see him for the first time the incompatibility between the reality and what we have been lead to believe creates humour. The inappropriateness of Megs treatment of Stanley and his being a to the full grown man also creates humour at other moments of the play, for example when she asks him if he paid a visit this morning (went to the toilet).While Meg and Stanleys conversation has some comedic value it could also make the audience feel roughly uneasy, perhaps they will ask themselves why this woman of sixty treats a man of thirty like a boy and why he plays along with her at times. Their exchanges, for example, the dialogue revolving around Stanley calling Meg a succule nt old washing bag and Megs reaction to it, seeming to believe that its a stark(a) word is quite funny for the audience as again it highlights her silliness only makes their relationship even stranger as she speaks coyly she does not totally play a maternal role but is also somewhat flirtatious.Thus humour, while seeming quite light can have a deeper meaning and cover up something a lot more serious about a character and problems they may have. Likewise, Stanleys attempts at humour when talking to saucer are a kind of proof of his social inadequacy. When she says that its stuffy he replies Stuffy? I disinfected the place this morning. And when she talks about his getting under Megs feet he says he always stands on the table when she sweeps the floor. These two lines are both untrue and when saying them Stanleys aim seems to be to make a joke.However, they both fall flat with Lulu and we could also imagine with the audience. Consequently, comedy, or rather attempts at it, eviden ce Stanleys lack of social skills. in that locationfore humour can be a way to introduce the audience to characters and their relationships with each other, and also make the audience think about these characters and perhaps their problems while keeping them interested in the play itself. The parody of small talk also allows Pinter to pose questions to the audience about the futility of many of our lives.Comedy does not just appear alone in this play, humour often appears during a somewhat frightening thought in which characters menace another. Some of these scenes are power struggles between characters or scenes where one character asserts themselves over another. For example, in the scene where Stanley tells Meg about the wheelbarrow he is obviously trying to menace her with his repeated questions (Do you know what? , Have you hear the latest? , And do you know what theyve got in that van? etc), the anonymous they, the imminence of today and his actions as he advances upon her. Despite the baneful aspect of this scene the fact that what he is threatening her with is a wheelbarrow adds a slightly bizarre and humorous tone. Indeed, the audience could laugh at Meg, thinking only she could be scared of a wheelbarrow. However, her reaction to the threats is quite reinforced as she perishs breathless and cries out hoarsely. She seems to be aghast(predicate) of it because its new and different, an example of human fear of the unknown, and also perhaps of being taken off as Stanley repeats twice Theyre looking for someone.Either way the humorous aspect of someone being afraid of a wheelbarrow heightens the menacing atmosphere for the audience as we dont understand her fear if she was afraid of something more normal we would not feel so ill at ease. Thus in this scene, Pinter makes use of a comedic aspect with a menacing atmosphere in order to make the audience aware of our own fears of what we do not understand. Comedy and menace also appear unneurotic in b oth the first music hall scene and just forward it.In the sitting down scene, a certain amount of humour can be derived from the fact that three grown men are playing a childish spicy about who will sit down first, but what this game represents is a power struggle. As with the wheelbarrow, this silly game is symbolic of something much more serious here, the person who sits will lose power. This menacing part of the scene is shown by the insistence of Goldberg and McCann that Stanley sit down and McCanns scream Thats a dirty trick Ill kick the shite out of him. Interestingly, Stanley seems to try to lighten the atmosphere with the joke (Now youve both had a rest you can get out ) which causes McCann to say this, but he only succeeds in heightening the tense and menacing atmosphere of the scene. Again, humour does not take away from the threat but adds to it, making it worse. The fact that Stanleys joke doesnt lighten the scene as he hoped can also show the inadequacies of language . Indeed, one would not expect a joke to create more threats and menace. Thus, through the pairing of humour with menace Pinter shows the audience how words do not always achieve the craved effects and on that pointfore is evidence of our own shortfalls as we do not always accomplish what we would like to through our speech.However, Goldberg does achieve what he wants to with his use of comedy and threats. This is because he wants to create a more menacing scene in order to completely destroy Stanley. His humour comes from the common expressions that he sometimes modifies, much(prenominal) as Youre beginning to get on my breasts, and the different registers of these expressions, for example he says Why are you driving that old lady off her conk? which seems very colloquial compared to his normal speech.He also makes an ironic joke when he says that McCann is the life and soul of any party, which is evidently false as the audience can tell that he isnt from how little he speaks. Goldbergs jokes contrast with the serious and controlling man who makes Stanley sit down simply by saying restfully Webber. SIT DOWN. Indeed, we feel more menaced by Goldberg than by McCann because as McCann has already yelled at Stanley we feel as though we know what he is capable of but we dont really know how much Goldberg can do with his power of speech.The power which comes from the paradoxical pairing of humour with menace can be seen in the first music hall scene and in the scene with Lulu. In the music hall scene, the fast pace of the short, nonsensical questions creates a sense of urgency and fear as we do not know what the point of all these questions is. While some of the questions and accusations seem serious, such as Why did you pay the organisation? , others create humour such as, When did you last have a bath or McCann You throttled her. Goldberg With arsenic.At the end of the scene the question they are asking him is the well known joke Why did the chicken cross th e road? . It is this question, one of the most unanswerable of all the ones they ask him that finally makes him start down he can no longer answer. The fact that a joke question is one of the causes of Stanleys destruction shows the strength of humour. Indeed, Freud theorised that in addition to the one who makes the joke, there must be a second person who is taken as the object of the hostile aggressiveness, and a third in whom the jokes aim of producing pleasure is fulfilled.In this scene, Goldberg and McCann make the jokes to amuse the audience while Stanley is the victim. However, the audience does not really laugh at these jokes, in fact they serve more to make us uneasy, but we still recognise the humour in them and perhaps even appreciate it. The same three person structure is found in the scene where McCann menaces Lulu. In that scene, Lulu is the victim while McCann tells her savagely to confess while Goldberg creates humour by picking up everything she says and turning it against her. For example she says You taught me things a daughter shouldnt know before shes been married at least three times , to which Goldberg replies Now youre a jump ahead What are you complaining about? .The audience will appreciate Goldbergs humour while also finding what Lulu herself says funny despite the fact that she is evidently upset and angry, as it says in the stage directions. This humour followed so quickly by McCanns threats will again make the audience uneasy. This uneasiness of the audience is partly caused by our finding Goldberg, and perhaps even McCann, funny when we feel perhaps that we shouldnt. By being amused by them we ally ourselves with them, the two characters who we know to be manipulative and controlling.Indeed, through their (Goldbergs especially) humour we are manipulated by them to laugh at the other characters. Thus, Pinter shows by placing comedic elements with menacing ones that humour can be powerful and creates relationships between us rela tionships which have a strong element of control to them, as our feelings and reactions are manipulated by Goldberg, just like the other relationships which we see in the play. Therefore, we can say that Pinters comedy of menace is a way to show us how he believes that all relationships revolve around one person asserting their power over another.The atmosphere of menace which is present in this play does not only appear in conjunction with humour. Instead it often relies on the unknown or things not being fully explained. For example, when Goldberg and McCann first arrive, they come through the back door without knocking, which is in itself quite odd, then Goldberg says he wasnt looking for a number when McCann asks him how he knows its the right house. This is quite an eerie thing to say as the audience can ask themselves what he was looking for as normally you recognise a house by the number.Indeed, it is this abnormality and not knowing how Goldberg knew which house he wanted wh ich creates a sense of a threat or that something bad will happen. This can show the audience how we feel a need for things to be normal, we fear things that we dont understand or that are new. Likewise, McCanns refusal to join Stanley in conversation at the beginning of the second act, giving short answers and asking little in return is really a refusal to make normal conversation. These short responses seem quite menacing because they contrast against Stanleys seemingly open discussion.The audience could believe that Stanleys trying to tempt McCann into conversing with him properly is not only to get information about why he is there but to also make McCann seem more normal and thus less menacing. Like the opening scene with its pointless dialogue this scene shows the human need for speech in order to keep the fear of a threat, in this case represented by McCann, at bay. Language is not the only menacing thing, there are also several small actions or events which add to the menaci ng atmosphere of the play the synchronised whistling, McCanns tearing the theme into strips and the lights during the birthday party.None of these things should seem that menacing by themselves but the context in which they are placed makes them seem so. Two strangers whistling the same cable together while talking, a grown man sitting at a table tearing paper, a light being shone on a man at his own birthday party as though he is a police suspect and finally a blackout which makes Stanley become violent all seem abnormal and strange for the audience we do not understand why they happen (except for the blackout, and then we only find out later).It is this not understanding and abnormality of the events which adds to the menacing atmosphere of the play. Therefore we can say that the threatening ambiance of the play is created through language, in particular humour and the unknown, but also through certain eerie and strange events or deeds. The reason Pinter uses these things to mak e the audience afraid is to show us our fear of what we do not know and the abnormal. However, Pinter makes sure that some of the menacing atmosphere is elevated at times, which actually emphasises how strong this atmosphere is.The threatening ambiance is lessened by the use of humour. This humour can be found in the first dialogue between Goldberg and McCann, for example, when McCann says that Goldberg, who is obviously a Jew, is a true Christian. There is also humour with the dialogue between Goldberg and Meg, after the first music hall scene, when he is admiring her dress and slaps her bottom, as well as before when he calls her a tulip and she asks What colour? .Pinter uses comedy at these moments in the play in order to reassure the audience and to keep some suspense if the whole duration of the play was filled with a menacing atmosphere we would know that Stanley will lose the power struggle from the beginning. The humour also brings a certain level of normality back to the pr oceedings of the play so that the menacing atmosphere can increase slowly, again creating more suspense. Thus, I agree completely with the comment of The Birthday Party as a comedy of menace. While comedy and menace both appear separately in the play it is together that they affect the audience most.The association of two seemingly opposing themes in one play allows the audience to realise some of Pinters preoccupations concerning the inadequacy of language but also its power, how we have some irrational fears concerning the unknown and the abnormal, how relationships work through manipulation and power struggles and the passivity of so many people throughout their lives. As well as this, the fact that we can associate these two terms, finding something menacing yet humorous at the same time, could also be a way for Pinter to show the paradoxical nature of human beings.

Ethics Position Paper

ethics Position Paper Q575 Dr. Elliot June 7, 2010 University of Phoenix Introduction Today, hatful weed make decisions that can have a profoundly positive or negative effect on their family, their employer, coworkers, a nation, and even on the built-in world. The life we lead whether master key or personal reflects the strength of a single trait our personal character. Ethics be unlike for each person both on a professional and personal level.For the most part, masses want to be known as a good person, someone who can be trusted, and that he or she is concerned close to his or her relationships and personal reputations. I therefore conclude that professional moral philosophy are indeed influenced by personal morality and values. Although professional morality guidelines are provided by our government (federal and local), employer and education, personal values and ethics are also considered at the same time. What are Ethics? Lets begin with the commentary of ethics.Et hics can be defined with more than one meaning based upon the context and subjugate it is being used. In philosophy, ethics is the study and evaluation of human conduct in the stir up of moral principles. Moral principles may be viewed either as the standard of conduct that individuals have constructed for themselves or as the body of obligations and duties that a particular society requires of its members. A second definition or meaning of ethics is motivation-based on ideas of right and wrong.Portman defines ethics as standards of conduct, standards that indicate how one should behave based on moral duties and virtues, which themselves are derived from principles of right and wrong. In order to take hold this definition to practical decision making it is necessary to specify the nature of the moral obligations considered intrinsic to ethical behavior (http//sun. menloschool. org/sportman/ethics/definition. html). I agree with this definition in fact I conceptualise that ethics are different for every person due to personal values and experiences.There are superior general ethics that most plenty adhere to because of the societal mores and morals we all have been exposed to and abide by. There are also other morals and mores that are picked up along the elbow room that vary between people because of cultures, communities, families, heredity etc. I feel that I may not touch sensation at the same situation or case the same as another person and we may never agree upon the same methods to go well-nigh resolving an issue. This occurs because we all have differences of opinions and value systems.For example, I have nothing against people who are gay I just do not further nor discourage the behavior I allow others to live their lives according to what is best for them. The same goes with ethics. Although my job may say I must intervene in a situation but my own personal ethics prevent me from acting professionally because I feel people should be allowed t o live and learn. Overall, ethics and ethical positions will vary from interrogationer to researcher because they do not have all of the same goals nor do they see things in the same light.Ethics in Educational Research Although I guess that ethics vary between individuals I believe that professional ethics are serious in protecting those participants of research. I do not think that research should be based on the personal interests of the researcher but I think every person has a level of discernment that should be used especially when other lives are involved. General ethics play a vast role in education because first education is where ethics are taught.After learning rough ethics students can then analyze the ethics they can identify and it soon becomes apparent that ethics are involved in most life situations. As future teacher honesty would be my biggest ethical commitment. I choose honesty because with todays technology and increased use of online educational institution s, people can copy and paste whatsoever they need in order to be successful. Students academic honesty will help me to give them the accurate grade they deserve and not have to punish students who are caught cheating/plagiarizing information.Ethics also keep researchers from publishing false information and also prevent them from being lazy about the research. Mainly it protects the participants of research and also protects the researcher from being accused of unethical practice if they indeed follow those practices. Ethics and Today I recently comprehend a report on the news that the World Health Organization is being accused of over exaggerating the Swine flu pandemic. When I first heard about Swine flu I believed that is was a scare tactic in order to get people to get those shots.WHO performed unethically in my opinion however they believe that many people died from this disease and the swine flu should not be minimized. Ethics today are still very important especially when o ther peoples lives are involved. While some people find it easy to break ethical standards others follow the guidelines and remain neutral. The swine flu pandemic created worried people and families going in masses to get the vaccine. Today we still need ethics because not every has the best interest of others when conducting research. Federal standards require research to abide by ethical standards.It is up to each individual to utilize those standards and incorporate them into personal values that may influence society later. Conclusion Ethics vary from person to person due to the differences in values and cultural backgrounds and even education. We do not all interpret information the same way and therefore will not be able to apply the same amount or ethics in any given situation. Furthermore professional and personal ethics affect each other depending upon the specific situation being researched. Also every subject will yield a different set of ethics and values.Therefore ethic s are not only subjective in content but objective in nature. References McMillan, J. , & Schmacher, S. (2006). Ch. 6 respectable and Legal Considerations. Research in Education Evidence-Based Inquiry, Sixth Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. McMillan, J. , & Schmacher, S. (2006). Ch. 12 Research Ethics Roles and Reciprocity. Research in Education Evidence-Based Inquiry, Sixth Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. Portman, S. (unknown). What are ethics? Retrieved from http//sun. menloschool. org/sportman/ethics/definition. html

Common Elements of Eastern Religion Essay

Many religions of the world nurture eight elements in common. The elements are a belief system, community, central myths, ritual, ethics, personaistic emotional experiences, material expression, and sacredness. These elements help shape religions and the people who believe in them. In this paper I discuss how these elements are similar or how they differ in each of a few of indigenous religions. Unique in their own way there are legion(predicate) religious traditions, some of the religion traditions include Buddhism this is a means of existing based on the experience of Siddhartha Gautama, delivery boyianity earths largest belief, foundation of Jesus Christ teachings, Hinduism collection of organized religions, embedded in the religious thoughts of India. Islam discovered by the Prophet Muhammad.These religious traditions along with numerous others vary from each other, but they serve the same(p) purpose. A relationship with the divine is essential in all beliefs of religion without communication and connection with the divine, the challenges, tribulations and experiences encountered daily becomes difficult to handle because the testing of his or her faith and being disobedient to the word of God. The relationship as well as the fellowship with the divine helps him or her to walk in the light and to live in total honesty toward God as well as with each other, without the consistent relationship and fellowship it causes he or she to be out of character and have broken fellowship with the divine. Sacred time is the time of eternity (Molloy, 2010, p. 43).The schedule or activities that he or she encounters daily is determine by the sound use of the clock throughout our lives. Within the religious sector sacred time for numerous religions is valued in different ways. Sacred time allows the worshiper to come in contact with his or her thought of being set apart. Religion provides an individual the sense of purpose for living and security. The belief in a hi gher power provides comfort to a human. The knowledge of how we began tells us the reason why we are here and where we are going.This knowledge or awareness is a good deal the driving force behind thebelief of one God, a supreme being, or some call it the sacred. Let us have a savour at Christianity and its teachings, and how the Christians are organized. During this process one will see the relationship between Christianity and other religions. The origin of each of the tales in these special books is determined to have begun with a prophet who communicated directly with God. Some of the stories appear to have a mythical origin. For example, in the Bible, Jesus (May peace and blessings be upon him) is believed to have died and risen from the unwarranted again.ReferencesMolloy, M.. (2010). Experiencing the worlds religions Traditions, challenge, and change. Retrieved from Molloy, M., REL/133 website.

Global Financial Crisis Essay

The current world(a) fiscal crisis which became prominently visible during September of 2008 is considered by most economists and orbit leaders the worst kind since the Great Depression. It is equated with the failure in conservatorship of the many fiscal institutions based in the United States of America. The US is considered the most powerful and the wealthiest nation or rural in the whole world that both(prenominal) transfigure that occurs asshole affect the current status of different countries.The failures committed by the US financial firms have evolved into globular crisis affecting the financial stability of different continents like Europe and Asia. In Europe, bank failures and decline in various stock indexes atomic offspring 18 experienced. Also a large reduction in market values of equities and commodities in the world market occurred. Around the world, the United States of America is very important and is the most prominent region in the world. One proof of th is is the currently finished presidential election of 2008.Each and every nation in the world had their bets on who is going to attain victory between the two candidates running for office. The whole world is not taking their eyes of on who provide inveigle between John McCain, a white candidate and Barrack Obama, a black candidate. Not only the people of the US ar excited in the incoming results however every mortal, loosely world leaders, argon anticipating on the victory of the republican and the peerless who is craving for change.McCain is the presidential candidate that every somebody sees as someone who will continue the way current president George Bush rules the country while Obama, the other presidential candidate who claims of bringing change in the way the US should be governed. Every community supporting both presidential candidates sustains very vocal on who to put into office. But, the end of every fight comes and the black community and the rest of the United States have spoken putting someone who is craving for change in the position making Obama the scratch black president of the most influential nation worldwide.Obama attaining victory has inspired a lot of people, making it realizable for every person to gain what they mostly wanted and in this moment, change is still possible or change can still be sensed. What is the connection between the current global financial crisis which is considered the major crisis after Great Depression and the just finished presidential elections? Well, the effect of every step that the country is taking affects other countries situation. On how the impudent president will govern the country and how he will offer help to other countries is what every nation is expecting from the most prominent nation in the world.While, the current global financial crisis have started in the failure of the United States which is now affecting the whole world is also very influential but in a very negative way for som e other countries. Global financial crisis is mostly equated, or can be treated as stinting crisis because the causes and the effects of the said crisis are mainly economic and mostly on the financial stability and the economic secern of the country. Economic and financial stabilities can be the changes in prices of commodities, bank failures or unemployment.Some of the causes which lead to the global financial crisis are the following (1) high commodity prices, (2) trade, (3) inflation, (4) unemployment, (5) return of volatility, and (6) economic governance. graduate(prenominal) commodity prices can be mostly seen in the purchase of food and oil. Food is very first in the list because it is the main adopt of every person. The family should have enough food to eat every day to maintain the health of every person. Food is the number one need of every person in order to live.Oil follows food in the list since it is the most exported and imported commodity in the world since most na tions are not commensurate of producing oil while other nations are experiencing a surplus of oil. But the price of oil in the world market have reached $147 which led to the annex of oil prices in every country importing oil and the rise in other prime commodities has followed. Inflation is also present delinquent to superabundance silver supply around the world, speculation in commodities, agricultural failure, rise in the cost of imports and the rise in the demand for food and commodities. Unemployment is also considered one of the causes.The number of graduates or those people looking for jobs is growing largely each year while the number of jobs available does not increase as debauched as the number of jobless people. It can be perceived that in the coming year, there will be 20 million people losing their jobs due to the financial crisis. These people who will lose jobs are mostly from the construction, real e declare, financial services and auto sectors and industry. Ec onomic governance is also important since it dictates how the scrimping of the country should be managed not only in time when the economy is stable but also when economic instability becomes unstoppable.How world leaders and economic advisors handle the situation is very important especi completelyy in the US because whatever decision they make will not only be perceived by the nation but also of different and other nations around the world that are mostly dependent on the US economic state. The global financial crisis can result to recession, rise in unemployment rate and liquidity crisis. Just after the 2008 US presidential election, leaders of the United States admitted that the country is in recession. This means that the economy is not stable as well as the financial capability of the country.This is the worst that can happen to the most influential country in the world since most of the countries in the world are depending on the economic changes that will be happening in th e US for economic changes in their countries to also occur. Another worst effect that can be expected if the crisis will not be stopped is the rise in the unemployment rate all over the world. Major companies will be experiencing problems in their balance sheets that may result to the company closing down or laying off a number of workers. The global financial crisis may result in the economy slowing down and jobs will surely be affected.In what way? Investors cogency be experiencing emotions in the presence of paper based losses and there will be a visible decline in wealth. The state of the enthronement can experience a bad state that will choose to either close down or be interpreted over y competitors. Major companies can also result in selling their shares of stock because of the liquidity crisis. In this moment, banks will not be willing to lend money to other banks to protect the money and assets that their investors and depositors have trusted them. It will be a big risk for banks to lend money to other banks since some banks are already experiencing bankruptcy.Another thing is that importing and exporting products from other countries will be costly that the exportation and importation rates can be slowed down. In the exporting country, the commodity prices will be experiencing a decline. The exportation process slowing down, there will be lower prices for goods and services. The presence of the major global financial crisis has forced policymakers to focus on the problem well and come up with reforms that will address the problem encountered due to the crisis. Some policymakers had come up with reforming the global financial system in order to address the problem.World leaders and economic advisors have already conducted meetings regarding the global financial crisis talking near possible steps to address the problem itself and the problems that rooted to from the major crisis. The global financial crisis may have dangerous consequences mainly to the urban and rural poor, the assiduity sector and women and other marginalized sector of the society. These sectors are the most vulnerable to the changes that will be brought by the crisis so the country must first focus on these sectors. Policies focusing and protecting these sectors must be implemented to avoid involuntary hunger and unemployment rate.Since these are expected to be the most affected by the crisis, the state should be able to implement policies regarding social protection of these sectors. Companies who are mostly managing and holding these sectors must consider the state of the workers before deciding to lay-off workers. The most possible way is to offer lower salary for the workers if some of them will not agree to being removed from the job. The lower the salary, the greater the possibility for the owners to pay all the workers and there will be no problems regarding formation of unions because of the removal of employees.The companies just need to talk it o ver to their employees before making a move because the laborers will be the most affected sector. Investors and depositors are starting to save money on their own than putting them on the banks since there are a number of banks experiencing difficulties in maintaining their balance sheets which can result to bankruptcy. Most of these investors and depositors are afraid to trust the banks to take care of their money due to the fact that when the crisis ill become bigger, they will have no money to spend on their basic needs.In this way, the state can talk to the central bank in modify money to banks that need most of the supplies of money to adhere to the customers needs and wants. Investors and depositors still have the rights to their investments. The state should also allocate budget for basic services. Long bourn plans are not possible at this very moment of crisis since as time passes by the number of people who might be experiencing difficulties due to the crisis is rising. The state should not focus on what can be done for the future but focus more on what can be done nowadays to address the current issues brought about by the global financial crisis.Short-term goals are more advised right now since there is a need for a quick recovery for other people especially the ones belonging to the lower-income groups, they are the most affected anyway. Overseas workers have been laid-off because some companies are securing jobs for their own country men. Overseas workers should not just be removed from their work even though they are not from the country they should be assumption the same right as every worker in the country has.Protection of these workers should also be implemented since most of them are taking jobs that the citizens of the country cannot take to get as jobs since most of them see the jobs very low. The global financial crisis might bring something unexpected to the country. As some economists have already perceived the rise in unemployment rate, liquidity crisis and recession might occur. Some may say that this is uncontrollable yet certain measures must be taken to address the problem at the present. Short time goals are the most advised at this moment. s

Depression Research Paper

Depression In this research paper I would be talking about slack disorder and the possible ca utilizes of depression and types of ways to cure it. hither are top five symptoms of wherefore depression disorder occurs. Loss of interest Poor preoccupation and memory Thoughts of regret, self-hatred, and suicide Loss of appetite Lack of sleep Depression is described as a caprice disorder in which you feel sad sometimes, lack of sleep, having difficult times completing tasks during the daylight and other symptoms like the ones described above, it squirt bring down a persons mood during any normal day activities for a long period of time.It also causes negative thoughts, become frustrated, and can cause you to commit suicide. Depression is a bad feeling like you feel like youre going in circles in your mindset. Depression is a common in the United States and other part of the world it is express to be a very(prenominal) serious condition and more than 15 one million million millio n people in the United States has it (VIIBRYD , 2012). What do we do?A recent research study shows that vilazodone or known as VIIBRID is an antidepressant medicine that helps with the disorder but can only be use for adults because it has side effects that wouldnt be so good for young adults do to health problems. By taking this antidepressant it can increase the risk compared to suicidal thinking and behavior in children, teens, if less than 18. A nonher antidepressant would be ABILIFY or known as aripiprazole it is a prescription medicine that helps traverse depression in adults as an add-on treatment to an antidepressant when an antidepressant alone is not enough.It is stated that if you are an adult who has been an antidepressant for at least 6 weeks and are still struggling with depression, thusly aripiprazole could help in as early as 1 to 2 weeks (An-Add On Treatment For Depression, 2011) psychotherapeutics can also be very useful in helping with depression. It can be ve ry helpful for adults or young adults with forms of depression. Psychotherapy can be used alone or in combination with medication. Its also known as a talk therapy.The two main types of psychotherapy that are typically used to treat depression are * Cognitive-behavioral therapy helps to reduce depression symptoms by gainsay and reversing negative beliefs and attitudes. * Interpersonal therapy helps to resolve role disputes and to overcome problems with social skills and other interpersonal factors that may wedge the development of depression. (Pristiq) I choose this particular disorder because I never knew exactly what causes people headaches and why people commit suicide.I feel depress sometimes when I have a lot of pasture to do and little sleep but I manage to work around my time and not let depression bring me down. In researching this disorder I have gotten a better sagacity about the causes of depression, what it means, and ways to treat it. I can help others identify if they are going thru depression or have it but dont realized it and can give them information on how to get help and treat it.Depression is a big mental disorder but Im not going to let it bring me down or others around me. Theres of all time a way out and ways to cure depression disorder that is thru antidepressants, or psychotherapys. plant Cited An-Add On Treatment For Depression. (2011). Retrieved from ABILLIFY web site http//www. abilify. com VIIBRYD . (2012). Retrieved from Viibryd web site https//www. viibryd. com Pristiq. (n. d. ). Retrieved from Depression Treatments web site http//www. pristiq. com

Analysis of Kraft Foods

pic kraft Food Analysis of kraft paper Food kraft Foods is an Ameri pot food for thought and beverage multinational caller-up. It produces and markets many markings to more(prenominal)(prenominal) than 170 countries, and 12 of its brands earn more than $1 billion worldwide annually (Kraft Foods, 2011). Most of the food products which we consume bothday belongs to this order. For instance, slightly of well-kn declare brands ar Jacobs and Maxwell, Milka and Tobler champion, Tang and Cipso. It is the successful and popular leading food companies of the world.So, Kraft Foods result be reviewed in terms of values and promises that it surpasss with consumers and employees, communicating and ph single line satisfaction respectively. set of the play along atomic number 18 divided among its employees. First value of the come with is its employees. The company highlights the importance of its employees and their contribution to the company. It emphasized that hard gain gr ound foring and passionate spurters, who constantly seeks ways to train content consumers by finding innovation, make the company what it was. After it, Focus, Passion, Speed, Teamwork and Trust atomic number 18 listed as the to the highest layer important values of company.Those five values describe fundamental structure of organizational process. Firstly, counseling on what is aimed to make better the business and focus on what is important to make customers beaming is ilk starting point of the process. Generating innovation match to needs is second value of the company. After focus and innovation, Passion which is motive of making better outcome in each work, the next value in order to annoy the around desired outcome. You stand manage focus, innovation and passion, but you to a fault know a speed as a fourth value of company in order to debate with opposite food companies.As it is known in the beginning of the paragraph, employees are the bring out agents who make the induce of brand. So, it is normal that fifth value is the teamwork. The final value of it is trust which is the fundamental block of teamwork and organizational dialogue. Firstly, the company promises to be open and inclusive, beca enforce it sees this value as a critical value to raise a high-performing organizational culture. Being open to different perspectives make innovation easy and better. It claims that openness and inclusiveness to diversity are so embedded into their way of doing business and into every division of it.They constitute its blocks of organizational culture. Taking into account every possible different perspectives and evaluate them is one of promises which the company gives to its employees. Also, it guarantees that discrimination or harassment based on age, race, disability, national origin, religion, sex, sexual orientation or any other legally protected status are non allowed. If the company is able to approach diversity in a positive manner , this gives workers facial expressioning of wisdom and makes them more incite. When we fate to give concrete example, 43% of their mployees are women and 35% of management team is comprise by females. It shows us that there is no gender discrimination on hiring and it opens up to gender diversity. Secondly, it promises employees that they will be work in an worldwide environment. For instance, they peachy deal be participated into European/International projects. Other than it, they coffin nail join into short-term overseas assignments, and then join into longer-term assignments when they develop in their career path. Moreover, the company assures instruct and development programs for employees in order to reach their high hat level of expertise.These programs are like job homework, plunder functional projects and corporate training programs. It also promises giving feedback closely how employees outcome contributes to the business in general. It is straightforward t hat the promises of the company are motivating factor for employees. When we take over into account both values and promises of the company, we can adjudicate that we are open to all ideas, we can discuss close them in a participative context, we can locate collectively and finally we de blisteringr what we decided to others in order to make them be aware of what is outlet on the company.Their motto is We discuss. We decide. We deliver. The company uses variety of ingrained colloquy channels. Social and sports activities are among the practices which HR department prefer to use as internal communication channels. Employees can join sports teams and unionised cordial events including a winter ski day, summer golfing day and a winter family fun day during the holidays. Those enjoyable events are organized by the company-subsidized social committee. They make work atmosphere better and improve communication among workers.It also creates a sense of equity, because every empl oyee has equal access to them. In addition to this, employees can deplete a chance of socializing and increasing interaction with their co-workers by providing richly physical workplace which contains the fittingness facility with free membership, employee lounge with foosball and television, quiet room for meditation and reflection, and a nap room for employees who need a quick break during the day, cafeteria with healthy menus and subsidized meals. While those places offer many opportunities for employees, they can avail the internal communication at the same time.The company thinks that every people has different ways of take up news and information, every people can use different channels, therefore the company must use very different channels to pop off with its employees. The Kraft Foods is relatively very successful in this issue. It uses face-to-face communication activities such as town hall meetings and lunch-and-learn sessions. Moreover, it has its corporate intrane t and internal blog sites. Newsletters, news magazines and e-business updates are also available for employees. The company is also in Facebook. It shares company news.Their community involvement projects and sustainability efforts are announce here. The most important application of it is that some(a) of the Kraft Foods team join to talk about their own areas of expertise to enable information sharing and facilitates internal communication. One of internal communication channel of the company which is very popular is iPhone. Kraft employees use their iPhones for sending email, organizing calendar, and saving contacts. Kraft employees can listen to audio recording messages, dubbed Kraft Casts, from the CEO and other executives on their iPhones.They are so useful to stay up-to-date on the latest corporate strategies and branding initiatives. It can be also very effective to improve picpicpic descending(prenominal)s communication. It makes easy information flow from top people in the company like CEOs to all employees. learn company future strategies or plans by reading from a bulletin is less visual and live compared to by listening and watching from iPhone. in that respect build been many community involvement projects within organization. Employees organized national and international charitable organizations with the support of company.For instance, in my view, the welfare activities serve two functions for the company. Firstly, they can make employees from all levels of organization together. They are one of social events and internal communication channels. They can work for an interdependent goal cooperatively during these charities. Employees from different departments can have a contact with each other and can improve their social relationships with co-workers. In this way, internal communication among employees can be facilitating thanks to them. picpicpic Secondly, they can also become an external communication channel for the company.We can e ncounter much news in the social media when the company performs a charitable activity or subscribes to a relief fund. The company can communicate its brand externally thanks to this news. They can make contribution to the respectability, reliability of company, and at the same increases brand awareness at the same time. In sum, we can consider charitable organizations as both internal and external communications channels. Employer brand of the company is one of external communication channels of it. It can communicate itself by its brand name.While it creates its brand with what it did in the market, the brand creates the company at the same time. There is a reciprocal relationship surrounded by two. It can tell the reputation and image of the company in the market via its brand. At the same time, this external communication channels can be a motivating factor for the employees and for the upcoming new employees. The more famous and prestigious brand is, the more people command to work in this company. Its reputation in the market will attract the new employees. Upward communication is less applied in organizations than downward communication.Although there is an open and inclusive workplace for generating diverse ideas, we can non know whether this freedom is also seen in performance evaluation of managers by subordinates. There is not available information about whether subordinate appraisals of managers are applied or are not. Appraisals of supervisors which are make by the subordinates can give feedback about the performance of supervisors. If they take into account these feedbacks, they can be more effective in their workings process and managing process. As employees start to recognize that heir feedback is taken into account, up(a)(a)(a) communication can be also appendd. On the other hand, the company has spread all just about the world. For instance, one manager who is from Europe can supervise the employees who are from very different and f ar forward country. thank to the ways the Internet enables communications like teleconference, a manager can work for a far away office of the company (Waltner, 2010). Although it has some advantages like company can choose take up manager by basing on performance, not basing on location, it can be a barrier to upward communication.While networks for teleconference are available more easily when there is a meeting between senior managers from different departments, it can accessed more difficulty when more subordinate employee need it to communicate with managers. Moreover, the other factor is cultural differences. How much employees want to share their ideas about managers can be change tally to culture. For instance, in more collectivistic culture, people can think that making criticism about a person can be perceived as offense by him. So, they dont want to share its views about him in order to conform existing situation.They can fear of being evaluated negatively by their man agers if they give negative feedback about their managers. So, suggestion or complaint boxes can be a good solution for those employees. Attitude surveys are one possible ways of improving upward communication. However, if the results of those surveys about the performance and posture of manager are not taken into account by managers, they have no value (Aamodt, 2010). So, managers also organize a time for discussing the feedback with employees face to face.Although Kraft Foods has those kinds of surveys like many international companies, in my view, it can not effectively discuss its result with subordinates. Because, some employees have still account some upward communication problem in a website that employees can report reviews about their company anonymously. One of employees says that there is low level of employee participation in decision making. Also, he suggested that the company should take into account the employee surveys (Kraft Foods Employee Review, 2011). Along wit h that comment, Kraft should initiate more democratic and participative style of management.It can improve upward communication if employees are able to generate ideas or share their concerns about process by including in the decision-making process. The company has all of the channels of communication which are essential in downward communication like bulletin boards, annual reports, newsletters, annual fact sheets or intranets. Although much of communication in organization is downward when compared with upward and although most of channels are available, still downward communication can not reach perfect level.For instance, although the company has a policy manuals or annual reports, they can not function fitly, because they have a very technical language. Employees have to read themselves. Interactive meetings to discuss about current company news can be more effective than only transmitting corporate news and facts through written material. For instance, although Kraft Foods S enior Financial Analyst says that the company has many benefits, he suggests that it should improve communication and especially downward communication from middle management (Kraft Food Employee Review, 2011).Although the company has many channels, still some managers dont in truthly share essential things with employees. Some of them dont set a proper guideline for what employee will do to achieve its goals. They dont healthy share about what, when and how employees will do a task. They think that employees have already known those things, because they are their work. They have a problem in taking employees perspectives. So, people managerial positions can be received training programmes to improve their communication skill with their subordinates and make them aware of needs and strivings of their subordinates.Do employees really well-provided with their jobs? For instance, Dieter Follens who is the manager of fruit Costing Coffee in Kraft Foods Europe said about the company i s that it did not provide only a job for him, but it also provides a career in Finance for him. He had worked as an assistant with internal controls, a financial analyst, a cost controller, finance manager in our European Union (EU) Office after Belgium, and product cost manager respectively. This shows us that Kraft Foods provides employees job rotation.It is one of motivating factors of the company. They can satisfy the needs of growth and challenge. Employees feel less boredom and feel more motivated to their jobs. Also, they can understand better how they contribute to the development of the company (Robbins & Judge, 2011). Understanding the effectiveness of individual outcome and the significance of task which are among five core dimensions of Job Characteristic good example explains the satisfying effects of job rotation. Also, Mr. Follens indicated that awareness of contributing to the the growth f company make him quenched and engaged with job, an even he added that when c ontribution took place in different ways, then satisfaction turns into real pleasure for him. His comments obviously showed us that job rotation and changes in the job characteristics make workers satisfied. This is the example of satisfied employee. It is impossible to expect that all employees feel and think same things about the company and their position. Also, Dieter works in organizational part of the company. We can analyze Kraft Food Company as focusing one after another on white collar workers and blue collar workers.It is a big multinational manufacturing company in the field of food and beverage, so most of its employees are blue collars, in other words, they are periodic workers. While flexile work options were useful for professional employees, they are not good for manufacturing ones. Therefore, employee dissatisfaction was observed among periodical workers in 2001 and 2002 surveys. Fast Adapts Program was prepared in order to decrease the dissatisfaction. It provid ed workers shift-swapping, single-day vacations and job sharing.Changes in work options make increase in the level of satisfaction one year later (Executive Office of the chairperson Council of Economic Advisers, 2010). The underlying factor that made this improvement was the autonomy, because it offered plant managers the autonomy in deciding the best suitable flexible work options for their own plant and implementing them. One empirical study showed that when the perceptions of nurses about chance of structural empowerment changed, changes in psychological empowerment and so in job satisfaction were observed.It heart and soul that employees feel more motivated to work and satisfied with their job when they can make work relate decisions that will affect themselves (Laschinger, Finegan, Shamian, & Wilk, 2004). We can also form a relationship between this employee empowerment scheme and the Job Characteristic Model. It proposes that any job has five basic dimensions Skill varie ty, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback. The most relevant dimension to the empowerment programs in Kraft Foods is the autonomy. It can be defined as the degree of freedom which job offer employees about scheduling the work and deciding procedures to implement it.This freedom makes employees more satisfied and intrinsically motivated to job over time by providing to them experienced responsibility and acknowledgement (Robbins & Judge, 2011). We can observe the same pattern in workers of Kraft foods. There are basic key motivators for employees. As in the most companies, compensation and benefits are among key motivator factors of Kraft Foods. For instance, Canada Kraft offers great financial benefits like bonuses for some employees (depending on the position), new employee referral bonuses (up to $1,000 for some positions), and year-end bonuses (to $100,000).Also, it provides health benefits plan including natality drug treatments. In addition to this, it offers a n employee store with discounted food products, dinner catering services (called the Kraft Kafe 5 OClock Solutions to take home meals). Also, it provides maternity leave with 100% of salary for 17 weeks. Performance management is one of motivator factors of Kraft Foods. For instance, employees receive individual performance reviews every 6 months in Kraft Canada (Yerema & Leung, 2011). In order to evaluate employees better, managers enroll training programs how to make effective performance reviews.Also, performance evaluation is not only based on one managers views, but also it is based on co-workers and other managers who know the employee. In addition to this, it takes a consultant service to make employee satisfaction and engagement surveys better and professionally. In relation to performance management, the most important motivating factor of the company is the training and skills development opportunities for employees. Two motivators are very much related to each other. As the company makes proper performance management, it can organize better training programs according to developmental needs of employees.For instance, Kraft Canada offers instruction subsidies for courses that are related to employees position for the development of them. Moreover, it provides professional accreditations in-house training programs online training programs new employee orientation program. In addition to this, the company offers skills development outside the position of employees in Kraft test kitchens like food tastings, cooking classes and culinary presentations. Also, Kraft Foods North America (KFNA) promotes intranet provides professional development resources for its employees including access to training and mentoring.Values and ethics are among key motivator factors of the company. There is an available 15 pages document of Codes of conduct and Kraft Foods Rules of Behavior in the website of the company. It is also translated so many other languages in order to communicate its compliance and values correctly and efficiently with employees from different nations. It states 10 rules which all employees have to be obeyed. For instance, one of the most important rules of it is behaving people fairly. There are some missing motivating factors for employees in the company like clear career path.For instance, Cristina Monterrey who is Human Capital Senior Manager at PricewaterhouseCoopers emphasized that Pwc provide a clear career path to employees. Each employee knows what will be his position in five years. Thanks to this knowledge about their future work life, employees feel more secure and certainty. In this way, employees feel more committed to their work and companies. Other than themselves, an agent helps them organizing their future. Worries about future which can cause stress destruct in this way and employees work passionately.But, in the case of Kraft Foods, although it provides feedback about performance and training programs acco rding to these feedbacks, there is no available information about a structured career program for employees. In order to make employees more motivated, career plans can be provided for them. Kraft Foods Category Planner in Glenview said that Kraft Foods is a lucrative place to work, but the employees earn every cent they make due to extremely long work hours (Kraft Food employee review, n. d. ). Although he reported that there were lots of opportunities, he paid attention to work load especially for employees with a family.Long work hours can create stress problems, because employees can not balance their work and family life properly. Long hours can be a fundamental dissatisfying factor and it can harm performance along with effect of stress. In my view, there can be some modifications in work schedule. For instance, they can provide alternative or flexible work schedules. Employees start to feel more control over their work by deciding their own working hours. This autonomy and po sitive effect of change on family life can make employees more motivated to their jobs. References Aamodt, M. G. (2010).Industrial/Organizational Psychology. USA Wadsworth Cengage learning. Executive Office of the President Council of Economic Advisers. (2010). Work-life Balance and the Economics of the work Flexibility. Kraft Foods. (2011). In Wikipedia. Retrieved November 19, 2011, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kraft_Foods. Kraft Foods Employee Review (2011). Retrieved from http//www. glassdoor. com/Reviews/Kraft- Foods-Reviews-E13294. htm. Laschinger,H. K. S. , Finegan, J. E. , Shamian, J. , & Wilk, P. (2004). A longitudinal Analysis of the Impact of Workplace potency on Work Satisfaction.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 527545. Robbins, S. P. , & Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational Behavior. New jersey Pearson. Yerema, R. and Leung, K. (2011). Chosen as one of Canadas Top 100 Employers and Greater Torontos Top Employers for 2012. Retrieved from http//www. eluta. ca/ top-employer-kraft-canada. Waltner, C. (2010). Networking Communications for the Global Corporation An Interview with Kraft Foods CIO, Mark Dajani. Retrieved from http//newsroom. cisco. com/feature-content? type=webcontent&articleId=5305212. picpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpicpic