Spatial Zones And Body Language - 996 Words

Spatial Zones and Body Language Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Leah Breiss and Briana Valdez Clark University Author Note This paper was prepared for Management 170 Managerial Communication taught by Professor Cheryl Amantea during the Semester Term Fall 2016 Spatial Zones and Body Language Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Introduction Nonverbal communication plays a central role in any conversation. Eye contact, posture, and proximity all determine how verbal communication is interpreted. In his book Managerial Communication: Strategies and Applications, Geraldine E. Hynes breaks down these aspects of nonverbal communication. Every culture has its own form of nonverbal communication that can impact the way a person from that country is understood outside of their homeland. For example, Erin Meyer, and American writer, misinterpreted her audience because they were using a form of nonverbal communication she was not familiar with. Likewise, Egypt’s nonverbal communication is very different from Australia’s, according to USA Today and (your source for Austrailia). These differences have developed in accordance to the historical backgrounds of their country. Given these differences in nonverbal communication, it can be said that communicating across cultures is complicated by the unique norm s of nonverbal communication used in different countries and cultures. Spatial Zones and Cultural Miscommunication Geraldine E. Hynes breaks down theShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding The Nature Of The Human Mind Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pages and neuroscientists but of thinkers in nearly every intellectual pursuit, from biology and mathematics to art and anthropology† (2010). The impacts occur when during the embryo phase of life development. Brain is the operational center of a human body. It impacts our way life in many ways. The brain controls every aspect of our daily lives. This includes breathing, thinking, processing, and calculating final outcomes. â€Å"Gall proposed that the brain is the seat of the mind, that the mind is composedRead MoreThe Name of the Brain Areas and Its Functions1339 Words   |  5 Pagesability to correctly express language are both controlled by the frontal lobes. The left is most predominantly language related while the right is most predominantly non-verbal. the left brain is the source of logic, which tends to be language based, and the right is creative, which tends to be non-verbal Rear part of the frontal lobe is especially designed for the movements and tissue disorganization cause of the disability of a limb. Stimulate of every part of the body and head is located in theRead More Learning Theories and Implications for Educational Technology1626 Words   |  7 Pageson by the child. (â€Å"Vygotsky and Social Cognition† n. d.) Language takes the center stage in this process, with play and imagination also playing important roles. (â€Å"Application of Vygotsky’s Theory† n.d.). A key component of Vygotsky’s theory is a concept called the zone of proximal development. Social Cognition theory holds that there is a gap between what the child can do independently and what can be done with assistance, called the zone of proximal development. (â€Å"Application of Vygotsky’s Theory†Read MoreTheories of Learning and How They Can Be Used to Inform Practice in the Classroom.2277 Words   |  10 Pagesformation of concepts. All the higher more complex functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. (Vygotsky 1978, p. 57) Vygotskys Social Development Theory rests on two main principles: the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). The MKO refers to anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept. The MKO is normally thought of as being a teacher, tutor, orRead More Vocabulary List with Definitions1716 Words   |  7 Pages1. Buffer zone and shatter belt of geography: Southeast Asia has been a buffer zone between powerful adversaries, as it is situated on the periphery of two of the worlds largest states, India and China. It is also in the shatter belt where the stresses and pressures from within and without continues to have a fractured political adversaries. Southeast Asia has a variety of cultural diversity, containing hundreds of cultures, ethnicities, languages, religions, and economies. 2. PhysiographicRead MoreAn Analysis of, In Reification and Utopia in Mass Culture by Frederick Jameson1409 Words   |  6 Pagesto persist now. I feel that, to a significant extent, his position as academic shields him from and allows him to theorize away a counterculture that has been very much alive and struggling. Or, as Hakim Bey opens his TAZ: The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism, CHAOS NEVER DIED.The production or assumption of a limited period of the 60s tends to perpetuate a nostalgic distance from a period of political art, counterculture, and resistance that never really ended (orRead MoreMilestones in the Developmental Characteristics of Kindergartners1511 Words   |  7 Pageseach developmental domain, below would explain clearly the developmental characteristics for physical, cognitive, language and social emotional development for kindergarten aged children . physical developmental milestones: †¢ Hops on alternate legs †¢ jumps over small objects †¢ runs, jumps, around obstacles, †¢ throwing, catching and become more refined with flexible upper body. †¢ Can rotate twist †¢ fine and gross motor skills developing †¢ stacks 10 or more objects †¢ cuts with scissors Read MorePhysical Theatre Performance Analysation2595 Words   |  11 Pagesphysical theatre reincarnation of the philosophical poem, Inferno by Dante Alighieri , it was clear that the combinations of various dramatic languages ultimately enhanced both the mood and symbolism of this live performance. These dramatic languages include the utilisation and management of physical composition, complicità ©, space, language and movement dramatic languages to create and enhance both mood and symbol. This particular performance guided the audience through the literature to experienceRead MoreTheory Analysis1707 Words   |  7 Pagessituations Formal operational - (12- ?) able to think logical in abstract situations  · Strengths and Usefulness - Gave knowledge to mental development in children. The stages are universal and sequential, yet not conformed to specific time zones.  · Weaknesses - It has been shown that some children are more advanced cognitively than some adults. States that stages are universal and sequential but does not take into consideration of disabilities.  · Applications - Can be used in schoolsRead MoreThe Importance of Endangered Species in Our World1649 Words   |  7 Pagessensitive indication of overall endangered biodiversity within any region. The amount of land that needs to be managed to protect currently endangered and threatened species in the United States is a relatively small proportion of the land mass. BODY An  endangered species  is a population of animals which is at risk of becoming  extinct  because it is either few in numbers, or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters. The  International Union for Conservation of Nature  (IUCN) has

The Jungle By Upton Sinclair - 937 Words

The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair and Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, by Frederick Douglass both bring forth personal or fictional events that capture the interest of the the reader. The use of pathos in their writing along with true events questions the ethics, morality, and human rights of each individual at the time setting for the publication. In the book, The Jungle, Upton Sinclair advocates for the overall elimination of oppression and exploitation of workers and immigrants and the use of socialism as a solution. The book depicts, and illustrates, the events and outcome of Jurgis and his family from Lithuania coming to the America’s in hopes of a better life, from the ideology of â€Å"The American Dream†. Jurgis believes that hard work will pay off no matter the size of the problem, however him and his family realize that the America’s posses corruption, harmful working conditions, and oppression of the worker and immigrants. Sinclair uses examples to express the hardships and cruelty that lower class workers faced to allow the reader to perceive whether or not there is a need for change in the system. Frederick Douglass uses the same form of writing to bring light to the harsh and unjust experiences he endured in order to persuade and communicate why there is a need to accomplish what he is advocat ing for. In the book, by Frederick Douglass, he advocates for the abolishment of slavery and freedom for people of color to be their ownShow MoreRelatedThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1526 Words   |  7 Pagessocietal and government reforms did â€Å"The Jungle† call for. Do you feel this novel was effective in bringing about any of these reforms. â€Å"The Jungle†, written by Upton Sinclair, is an astonishing novel informing readers about the devastating truths involving impoverished life in America, particularly Chicago. This novel gives the reader an inside look into to the struggles of numerous European immigrants as they ventured to America during the early 1900 s. Sinclair depicts the disturbing and emotionalRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair986 Words   |  4 PagesThe life of Jurgis Rudkus, from the novel The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, shares many parallels to the life of the working class in American society during the period 1865 to 1910. that limits the freedom of the working class. Even though it is stated on paper that working class citizens such as Jurgis are equals and just as free as the upper-class citizens, society limited the the freedom of the working class. People like Jurgis are not truly â€Å"free† because the social and political forces at the timeRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair 1155 Words   |  5 Pages8/10/17 The Jungle By Upton Sinclair Book Review The working conditions in the US in the 20th  century were diffcult since workers had to struggle to survive on the daily bases.The Jungle written by Upton Sinclair does not only highlight the life of American workers but also uncovers the infleunce of capitalism in the US, where workers and employees were destined to fight for a living, while the upper-class reaped the benefits of national wealth.The Jungle gives many examples of theRead MoreThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair651 Words   |  3 Pages This book is called The Jungle. The Author or this book goes by the name of Upton Sinclair. The Jungle was published on February 26, 1906. Upton Sinclair is an American author with almost 100 books which are based on many different genres. Sinclair is a journalist, novelist, as well as a political activist. Sinclair is most famous for this book. The Jungle is a novel that is based on the disgusting conditions of the US meatpacking industry, and the hardships of the labor that immigrant me n and womenRead MoreThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the major issues Sinclair addresses in The Jungle? The Jungle by Upton Sinclair is a vivid account of life for the working class in the early 1900s. Jurgis Rudkus and his family travel to the United States in search of the American dream and an escape from the rigid social structure of Lithuania. Instead, they find a myriad of new difficulties. Sinclair attributes their problems to the downfalls of capitalism in the United States. While America’s system was idealistic for Jurgis and hisRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1210 Words   |  5 PagesThe Jungle by written by Upton Sinclair Book Report This report is based upon the book The Jungle, written by Upton Sinclair. This book was published by The Jungle Publishing Co. New York in 1906. Introduction of Author: Upton Sinclair was born on September 20, 1878, in Baltimore, Maryland. He belonged to a family off southern aristocracy but once Sinclair was born, his family went into poverty. Sinclair was a very smart boy and graduated from high school at the age of fourteen to go on and attendRead MoreThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair 792 Words   |  3 PagesCritics often argue that Upton Sinclair, author of many classic American novels including The Jungle, was cynical and bitter even. However if one were to dig just a bit deeper they may realize that Sinclair was spot on in his idea that this â€Å"American dream† that our country sells is actually a work of fiction. In his book The Jungle, Sinclair, points out the flaws of the American dream. Many immigrants traveled thousands of miles aboard, cramped, disease infested, ships with hope of coming to thisRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1260 Words   |  6 Pages The Jungle by Upton Sinclair was published in 1906. After reading two-hundred and ninety-four pages, it is evident that humans have been shaping the world over time and the world has been shaping us as well. A lot has changed since the industrial revolution, the time frame in which this novel takes place. Our food industries have improved, money value has risen, and job opportunities have expanded. Throughout The Jungle the reader follows an immigrant family on their journey of hardships andRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1334 Words   |  6 Pages1900s there were already more than 10 million immigrants living in America. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle reveals the struggles and hardships of a family that immigrated to t he United States from Lithuania during the 1900s. Although many immigrant families came to America in search of a better life, soon most found themselves barely surviving with no job, food, shelter, or money. As is the case of the family in The Jungle. The novel not only unveils the corruption of the political and economic systemRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jungle â€Å"I aimed at the public s heart and by accident I hit in the stomach (Upton Sinclair).† Upton Sinclair originally intended to expose the horrible conditions faced by immigrants as they tried to survive in Chicago s Meat-Packing District in his 1904 novel â€Å"The Jungle.† Sinclair’s book created fear and anger in the public which would lead to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (FMIA)is a law that makes it a crime to adulterate or misbrand

Traditionl Healers in Latin America Free Essays

Introduction Traditional healers also known as curanderismo are important part of Latin American culture, society and a way of life. Traditional healers have been a part of Latin American culture for thousands of years and even today are considered as important as the traditional health care professionals (Avila, 1999). The services of these healers are used extensively and they are well respected and admired members of the community. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditionl Healers in Latin America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not anyone can be a healer and in order to become one a special talent and extensive training is needed (Avila, 1999). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of traditional healers in Latin American culture and to discuss what economic, social and religious reasons traditional healers are still so popular in this day and age in Latin America. Who Can Be a Traditional Healer? One of the most interesting aspects of the traditional healers in Latin America is that no everyone can be one. This is a striking contrast with traditional medical professionals where calling has become something secondary and where more people than not go into the medical field not because of genuine desire to help but because it pays well. The story is completely different for the traditional healers as the next generation is carefully hand-picked based on what is called â€Å"el don† or a gift (Avila, 1999). This gift cannot be acquired or trained, a person either has it or not. Having gift is not enough though as a new apprentice has to train for a very long time under the practicing traditional healer in order to learn the mastery and the craft of healing (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Another interesting distinction between what Latin American traditional healers and regular health care professionals is the core philosophy that underlines their work. Traditional medicine focuses on symptoms and causes, while for the traditional healer the most important core of any problem is spiritual one, as the illness is the essentially an imbalance that has to be corrected (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Healers are also very in tune with nature and as it will be discussed below they rely a lot of natural remedies and so on (Avila, 1999). Spirituality and religion go hand in hand because as it was mentioned above healing powers are considered the unique gift one has received from some higher entity and thus religion plays very important role in the work of traditional healers. What Exactly Do Traditional Healers Do? Remarkably just like any health care professionals, traditional healers in Latin America also have their own specializations and areas of practice. While some have very narrow and specific areas, such are herbalists or midwives for example; others often have been trained in various specialties and can provide the â€Å"full package care† (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Regardless of the specialty every traditional healer always considers the illness as a complex manifestation of problems in physical, emotional and spiritual planes. Traditional healers use variety of means in their practices. They prepare various mixtures, lotions, potions, oils and other substances for consumptions or for external use. But the substances are only the part of the practice. There are many rituals, offerings and prayers that constitute healing practices. The rituals could be very elaborate and include other objects and things such as for example birds’ eggs, or water or fire. All these things are believed to be important components in the healing process and are more often than not part of the ritual. Healers often give their clients various amulets to protect or to heal them including bracelets, necklaces and other objects. Many herbal and plant matters are used including very common veggies, spices and fruits like papaya, potatoes, garlic, cumin, mint and others (Davidow, 1999). Finally traditional healers employ many psychological means as they are often keen observers and student of human nature (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Many healers admit that the use of rituals is done for the patients’ sake as it aids in healing process. Remarkably there is a scientific support to this notion as the â€Å"placebo effect† indicates that something with strong suggestive power can deliver desired results. Economic, Religious, and Social Explanation For the Use of Traditional Healers in Latin America There are numerous reasons why traditional healers are so widespread and commonly used in Latin America. One reason is purely economic as traditional healers are the only medical care many families could afford (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Traditional healers in general do not take any money from their clients and definitely do not take anything from very poor clients. They could accept offerings for their service but it is done on case to case basis. So for that reason the most important economic reason why healers are used is because their services are free. Another reason why healers are so popular is religious. As it was described above in order to be a healer one has to have a gift from the high spiritual power (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Healers often offer some sort of a mix of religious, spiritual and physical practices that resonate with the Latin American community that has this mix also present. Latin American culture is both spiritual and religious and this is exactly what healers do offer. The religious/spiritual aspect of healing process is something that is strikingly different from traditional medicine and this is why healers are so popular. They often use religious objects in practices and the healing process including icons, crucifixes and so on. Finally there is a social explanation for why traditional healers are so often used even today. Healers have been traditionally not just a part of community but very well respected and admired members of community. Latin American culture is well known for its strong cultural ties and strong community sense (Trotter Chavira, 1997). Hence in case of illness or any other malady the first reaction is to go to the community member, a traditional healer than to go the hospital which many could not afford anyway. Healers also offer social and spiritual support and often even counseling, thus making it even more likely for a person to seek their help. As it was discussed above, economic, religious and social reasons for using traditional healers are very strong and more often than not they operate in conjunction even further supporting each other. For example, when a person has no money, he is less likely to go to a hospital. A healer could also play into person’s religiosity and sense of community, so all this factors together make a traditional healer more popular than any local hospital. Conclusion Traditional healers have been and most likely will be in the foreseeable future a very important part of Latin American culture and way of life. Traditional healers operate within community and are important and well-respected members of the community. They are often the last resort for poor segments of population, and the complex interactions of social, religious and economic factors often make them more attractive and popular than local hospitals. Traditional healers often have specific specializations such as herbalists or midwives, but many have numerous specializations. Not anyone can be a healer as it requires a gift and extensive training. Traditional healers offer a variety of services including physical treatment, various remedies and amulets and spiritual and psychological counseling. Spirituality is important part of practice and is one component which makes healers so popular. Traditional healers’ approach differs significantly from traditional medicine approach because it is more multileveled and holistic. Healers in a sense try to address the issues on both physical and spiritual levels, while the traditional medicine often focuses on physical symptoms and definitely less on spiritual aspects of illness. Healers are of course often frown upon by the medical community and called â€Å"quack doctors† because they do not have formal training and education. Yet Latin American communities still use their services extensively and remarkably even immigrant communities like Mexicans in the US for example, still use traditional healers. Recent estimates demonstrated that as many as 75% of Latin Americans living in Texas used traditional healers in one way or the other to either completely or partially deal with their illnesses or ailments (Tafur, 2009). This trend is very unlikely to change any time soon, after all traditional healers have been a part of Latin American culture for thousands of years. References: Avila E (1999). Woman Who Glows in the Dark: A Curandera Reveals Traditional Aztec Secrets of Physical and Spiritual Health. New York: Penguin Putnam. Davidow J (1999). Infusions of Healing: A Treasury of Mexican-American Herbal Remedies. New York: Simon Schuster. Tafur, M. M. , Crowe, T. K. , Torres, E. (2009). A review of curanderismo and healing practices among Mexicans and Mexican Americans. Occupational Therapy International, 16(1), 82-88. Trotter, R. T. , Chavira, J. A. (1997). Curanderismo: Mexican American Folk Healing. University of Georgia Press. How to cite Traditionl Healers in Latin America, Papers

Etiko Brand Building and Marketing

Question: Discuss about theEtiko for Brand Building and Marketing. Answer: Introduction: Etiko means ethics and as the name suggest, this company formed in the year 2005 promises to provide goods that are produced by adopting the highest level of ethical standards in its production and distribution policies. Within a decade from its existence in the Australian market, Etiko has bagged the top position for the third time in the ranking given by Australian Fashion Report (AFR). The founder of the company, Nick Savaidis, is well known for its policies of providing a decent wage and workable environment to its labourers and concentrated on the developing economies such as that of India and Pakistan. Nicks motive was to create its own brand rather than becoming a mere supplier to the existing brands. Providing distinctive products to the customers is the key to success in todays world apart from producing goods which are eco-friendly. The most commendable part of this brand is that though it is very small as compared to the other big budget companies who have huge advertiseme nt budgets with them to advertise their products and create a unique brand value, Etiko has succeeded to make a stand in such a market condition also just because its products are as is said uber cool as well as environment friendly. However off lately Nick has realised that in order to survive and ensure continuity in providing Fair trade Premiums he needs to increase the reach (Carter, 2016). The same is possible only if adequate brand building can be done but there are financial limitations which the company has to keep in mind while deciding upon the best method of branding. Marketing Options Nick Savaidis has many options but each have its own added advantages and disadvantages to be addressed. The very first method of creating its brand value and increasing its reach is via the traditional method of advertising and PR approach. This is the most effective and sought after approaches that all the firms prefer to adopt in order to get quicker results. The reach is larger and more effective via the traditional method advertising through televisions, radios and newspapers. But the same is useful mostly for the big business houses only because of the amount of cost involved in it. The traditional method though yields faster results to the business organizations yet is not feasible for small entities who have limited capital. The public relations campaign is a very erratic method of advertising. If any other important breaking news arrives then the focus of the media gets shifted towards covering those events rather than concentrating upon advertisements (Lavinsky, 2013). Furt her this method is also not suitable for delivering adequate data to the end users as desired by the organizations. The second option available is building up of the brand gradually. Though the same is a very cost effective method available which involves low financial risk for the entity yet the same has its own disadvantages. Due to gradual brand building, the entities may end up losing crucial business opportunities. By not investing into such media which would enable quicker brand building, the larger business houses may end up taking away even the small market share that these small entities possess. The third option is however more feasible for the small business houses. The world has shifted its base towards digital marketing. Digital media has enabled better connectivity of like minded people and is also cost friendly as well. The biggest advantage apart from the cost is the reach. It easily reaches a very wide number of customers within a very short period of time. The only nuisance caused by this method of marketing is increase in the number of participants which has made it too claustrophobic n nature (Dontigney, 2015). Recommendation to Etiko From the point of view of Etiko, I would suggest that the third option is the best taking into consideration the companys financial constraints. The company is pioneered towards establishment of an organic fashion trend in Australia which is its USP. The companys mission is to products goods which are environment friendly and are not produced by exploiting the human capital or harming the environment. The motto that Etiko has is a rarity and it aims to concentrate on those customers who understand the values of human resource and the environment. Those who are inclined towards protection of the environment will understand the benefits of using Etiko products. Further it provides employment opportunities in countries like India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka thus trying to pull them above the poverty line. The company however does not believe in compromising on their quality of products and also produces goods that may attract the masses(DeSilva, 2015). Being an environment friendly manufacturer of fashion wear, the company with its limited resources should concentrate on branding by the use of digital media. It is the widest platform available at present which ensures easy reach. Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter tweets as well as podcasts. It is very difficult for the company to advertise using print media because of its high cost and ignorance amongst the young group of targeted customers. Its cool products are mainly designed to provide comfort as its main ingredient (Snedeker, 2016). According to me, Etiko should formulate a strategy to first and foremost identify its customer base. This can be done by conducting various campaigns across Australia, educating people about how they are helping the poor and under developed indirectly by paying a little extra. Comparisons should be made in a pictorial format which should be floated in facebook as well as twitter. I would also recommend the company to distribute some free samples to enable people to get a feel of the quality of the product and thus understand the uniqueness that it has to offer on the platter (Head, 2014). The next step that Etiko should take is to hire the people internally to participate in these campaigns and feedback processes with the external customers which would enable to save cost as well as provide the customers with first hand information to all their queries. Formation of a small club or a committee and inviting consumers who have an inclination towards Green Australia. The most important aim of the company is to enter the market where people care about the workers and the environment. In such a scenario one of the best ways to promote the brand further would be by entering into collaborations with those organizations and NGOs who are dedicated towards safety of the environment and human rights (Chapman, 2016). These should have to be adequately highlighted in the digital media by the company so that its work is adequately exposed to the other consumers as well who are yet not inclined towards protection of the human rights and environment. This can possibly convert some customers towards thinking about saving the surroundings in which they reside by creating an awareness program (Zwiling, 2011). Lastly to ensure that these work well the chronology should be understood and a catchy tag line which is the need of the present hour should be designed which would be enough to reiterate the unique identity of Etiko by itself. Conlcusion Thus Etiko should undertake various small methods and marketing gimmicks which would help it to drive the force slowly but steadily and at the same time keeping in mind the cost constraint that it has. The main issue which the company recently faces is lack of awareness amongst the masses. The same can be done by adoption of digital marketing mingled with personal campaigning and awareness programs. Therefore Etiko can create a stark brand value with the limited resource that it has simply by adopting these small methods rather than investing its finances into one kind of a marketing methodology. This also would ultimately give an alternative to the company in case of failure of any one marketing strategy. References: Carter, J. (2016). Walking the Walk- How Etiko Became One of Australias Most Ethical Brands. Featured, People. Retrieved from https://goodonyou.org.au/etiko-leading-the-way/ Chapman, G. (2016). Marketing Strategies and Tactics. Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/search?newwindow=1biw=1242bih=606q=unique+marketing+strategies+for+small+businesssa=Xved=0ahUKEwiy1ZyrmdzOAhWLQ48KHQ_eCgMQ1QIIkAEoAA DeSilva, D. (2015). How Small Business owners can get started with online marketing. Financial Review. Retrieved from https://www.afr.com/it-pro/how-small-business-owners-can-get-started-with-online-marketing-20150220-13kelt Dontigney, E. (2015). Adaptation Marketing Strategy. Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/adaptation-marketing-strategy-71691.html Head, G. (2014). 5 Keys to a Great Small Business Marketing Strategy. Retrieved from https://smallbiztrends.com/2014/09/5-keys-great-small-business-marketing-strategy.html Lavinsky, D. (2013). Is Traditional Marketing Still Alive.? Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/davelavinsky/2013/03/08/is-traditional-marketing-still-alive/#1b8b55a42f38 Snedeker, B. (2016). Cost-Effective Guerilla Marketing Strategies for Small Businesses. Retrieved from https://learn.infusionsoft.com/marketing/advertising/guerrilla-marketing-strategies-for-small-businesses/ Zwiling, M. (2011). Good Entrepreneurs Can Grow a Business Without a Large Budget. Business Insider. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/entrepreneurs-build-big-dreams-without-big-money-2011-5?IR=T

The Importance of Literature free essay sample

Even though the books would be burned physically, the words and stories the books contained would live on inside her! The fact that this woman died with her book shows Montag that books must have something special that the government doesnt want them to know about. It also shows how important books are, even though today we seem to take them for granted. 2. Quote: â€Å" ‘Its not just the woman that died,’ said Montag. ‘Last night I thought about all that kerosene Ive used in the past ten years. And I thought about books. And for the first time I realized that a man was behind each one of the books. A man had to think them up. A man had to take a long time to put them down on paper. And Id never even thought that thought before. ’ † (Bradbury 49) Explanation: Montag for the first time saw that he was not only destroying a Mangano 2 nonliving thing, but also destroying the person who wrote that book. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He was destroying something that took maybe years and lots of thought and effort to make. He was destroying the author’s existence. Montag realized that maybe these books could help him solve his problems and figure out what to do with his life. This also shows how books arent just pages, but a man and his time, efforts, and thoughts written down for a purpose. Literature is important and has a purpose and Montag realizes here. 3. Quote: â€Å" ‘We must all be alike. Not everyone born free and equal, as the Constitution says, but everyone made equal. Each man the image of every other; then all are happy, for there are no mountains to make them cower, to judge themselves against. So! A book is a loaded gun in the house next door. Burn it. ’ † (Bradbury 55-6) Explanation: While it would be easier if everyone were the same, it wouldnt make everyone truly happy! It might trick them into thinking that theyre happy, like whats happened with the people in the book, but it wouldnt be sincere happiness. Also, theres only so much fun you can take before its not fun anymore. Too much fake happiness and forced fun can turn anyone suicidal and can make people kill, just like the kids did in the book. Books help people think about something for themselves and have their own opinion and thats why theyre illegal in this book because the government wants a bunch of drones, they dont want anyone to have their own opinion. . Quote: â€Å" ‘Colored people dont like Little Black Sambo. Burn it. White people dont feel good about Uncle Toms Cabin. Burn it. Someones written a book on tobacco and cancer of the lungs? The cigarette people are weeping? Burn the book. Serenity, Montag. Peace, Montag. ’ † (Bradbury 57) Mangano 3 Explanation: Books may raise anger, sadness and tears, or even happiness. The people in this book havent felt real or e ven any emotions about anything in their lives. The emotions they feel in their TV parlors are fake and have no root. They dont just talk anymore even if theyre husband and wife! Their lack of talking means lack of arguing or laughing and the law against reading books means they havent read a book and had emotions either. Also, books always have a purpose; whether its to explain how or why something works, share information about someone’s life, or entertain. White people may not like Uncle Toms Cabin, but it was written for a purpose! The cigarette people may be weeping over a book on tobacco and cancer of the lungs, but theyre upset by it for a reason! It makes them have their own opinion as well. 5. Quote: â€Å"Then he reached up and pulled back the grill of the air-conditioning system and reached far back to the right and moved still another sliding sheet of metal and took out a book. Without looking at it he dropped it to the floor. He put his hand back up and took out two books and moved his hand down and dropped the two books to the floor. He kept moving his hand and dropping books, small ones, fairly large ones, yellow, red, green ones. When he was done he looked down upon some twenty books lying at his wifes feet. † (Bradbury 63) Explanation: Montag had risked his job and really his whole life to steal these books! When he stole them he knew it was illegal and wrong to do as a fireman, but Montag knew there was something in books that might be worth it or at least worth the try. He felt he had nothing to loose. He just knew that books might somehow be able to help him. In the end he may have lost his wife and his house and his job, but they actually Mangano 4 saved his life as well. They saved him from the bomb in the city. 6. Quote: â€Å" ‘That woman, the other night, Millie, you werent there. You didnt see her face. And Clarisse. You never talked to her. I talked to her. And men like Beatty are afraid of her. I cant understand it. Why should they be so afraid of someone like her? But I kept putting her alongside the firemen in the House last night, and I suddenly realized I didnt like them at all, and I didnt like myself at all anymore. And I thought maybe it would be best if the firemen themselves were burnt. ’ † (Bradbury 64) Explanation: Montag realized that books must have some big importance if someone was willing to actually die for them. Montag also realized that he didnt want to be a destroyer of anything anymore, even if t meant giving up his job for something that might not really help him or be what he expected. There was no guarantee the books would help answer the questions Montag asked, but he stole the books anyway. Beatty was afraid of people who read because they had knowledge, their own opinion, and they could think for themselves. Knowledge is power, and the government wanted to be the only thing in that country with a uthority. 7. Quote: ‘Ive heard rumors; the world is starving, but were well fed. Is it true, the world works hard and we play? Is that why were hated so much? Ive heard the rumors about hate, too, once in a long while, over the years. Do you know why? I dont, thats sure! Maybe the books can get us half out of the cave. They just might stop us from making the same damn insane mistakes! I dont hear those idiot bastards in your parlor talking about it. ’ (Bradbury 70) Explanation: Books give Montag one last hope to figure out whats wrong, to Mangano 5 make himself and his wife truly happy for once. Books are important because they force you to think about yourself and your life. Books force you to look around at the world and see the harsh reality. They give you a bit of a wake up call, sometimes. Thats what Montag was forced to do the night the lady was burnt with her books and the day in the park when he first met Faber. Montag wants more than anything to not have to trust someone, but to find out for himself and with books he is able to do that. 8. Quote: ‘So now do you see why books are hated and feared? They show the pores in the face of life. The comfortable people want only wax moon faces, poreless, hairless, expressionless. We are living in a time when flowers are trying to live on flowers, instead of growing on good rain and black loam. Even fireworks, for all their prettiness, come from the chemistry of the earth. Yet somehow we think we can grow, feeding on flowers and fireworks, without completing the cycle back to reality. Do you know the legend of Hercules and Antaeus, the giant wrestler, whose strength was incredible so long as he stood firmly on the earth? ’ (Bradbury 79) Explanation: Books threaten everyone’s mask of happiness by putting a blinding spotlight on reality. Books can bring people to their senses and make them take a look in the mirror and see the true monster they have become. This is what Faber is trying to explain to Montag in this quote. . Quote: ‘What traitors books can be! You think theyre backing you up, and they turn on you. Others can use them, too, and there you are, lost in the middle of the moor, in a great welter of nouns and verbs and adjectives. ’ (Bradbury 104) Explanation: Books are useful and important because they make you think for Mangano 6 yours elf, which is the one thing Montag really craves. You also have the freedom to disagree with a book and have your own opinion. Beatty is too close-minded and brainwashed to understand that books dont have to always be right or in agreement with another book. The rest of the country are either too afraid to get a book and read it or dont care enough to try. 10. Quote: ‘I want you to meet Jonathan Swift, the author of that evil political book, Gullivers Travels! And this other fellow is Charles Darwin, and this one is Schopenhauer, and this one is Einstein, and this one here at my elbow is Mr. Albert Schweitzer, a very kind philosopher indeed. Here we all are, Montag. Aristophanes and Mahatma Gandhi and Gautama Buddha and Confucius and Thomas Love Peacock and Thomas Jefferson and Mr. Lincoln, if you please. We are also Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. ’ (Bradbury 144-5) Explanation: Montags wife, Mildred, earlier in the book had said, books werent people, but the quote above disproves that statement. Books can be people in a bunch of ways, whether its a biography, autobiography, or memorizing the book and becoming the ‘dust jacket’ like Granger said. The Book Thief: 1. Quote: â€Å"The book thief had struck for the first time the beginning of an illustrious career. † (Zusak 29) Explanation: This is the start of Liesels journey of learning and stealing as well. Shell learn how to read and use her words later on to become the word shaker. This Mangano 7 shows how sometimes books can be addicting. Once you start reading you get hooked and need more. Thats why steal in books became a career for her. It was because she couldnt just settle for one or two or even three books, she craved for more. 2. Quote: â€Å"They began to leave the scene of the crime, and the book was well and truly burning her now. The Shoulder Shrug had applied itself to her ribcage. † (Zusak 122) Explanation: The book was smoldering hot, but Liesel still took it from the dead fire. Liesel was willing to endure the pain of the book burning into her chest and the consequences she might get from her Papa or Mama if they found out she had taken it that night. She risked all this for a book because books gave her the ability to spend time with Papa and spend time in the basement both of which she loved. 3. Quote: â€Å"Where Hans Huberman and Eric Vanderburg were ultimately united by music, Max and Liesel were held together by the quiet gathering of words. † (Zusak 248) Explanation: Literature has the power to connect two people together. Music also can do this. Reading books bonded Liesel and Max jointly and started their friendship. Books not only connected Max and Liesel but also connected Liesel and the mayor’s wife. Later on reading books also gave Liesel a sense of purpose and usefulness. . Quote: â€Å"She didn’t dare to look up, but she could feel their frightened eyes hanging on to her as she hauled the words in and breathed them out. A voice played the notes inside her. This, it said, is your accordion. † (Zusak 381) Explanation: Although, Liesel was petrified she continued to read. It was a big step f or Liesel to continue, especially since the last time she tried to read in front of people she was too scared and not good enough. Reading during the raid also gave her a Mangano 8 sense of purpose and would afterward give her the opportunity to read for her neighbor, Frau Holtzapfel. Reading was Liesel’s accordion. It was her way of connecting to people around her and making them feel better, just like she did during the second and third air raid. She calmed everyone down by reading books to them and it got their mind off of where they were. 5. Quote: â€Å"And the girl goes on reading, for that’s why she’s there, and it feels good to be good for something in the aftermath of the snows of Stalingrad. † (Zusak 471) Explanation: Reading becomes a way for Liesel to help others. It gives Liesel a purpose and makes her feel accomplished, needed, and smart. Reading to her neighbor, Frau Holtzapfel, also got her family more of what it needed, especially since Liesel was paid in coffee and other items for reading to her. 6. Quote: â€Å"Liesel did not look back, but she knew that if she did, she’d have found her brother at the bottom of the steps again, his knee completely healed. † (Zusak 473) Explanation: She finally had healed the wounds she created inside herself when she burned with hatred and anger. She had forgiven herself for the things she had done and was ready to stop reliving her past and look toward the future instead. She had made things right with everyone. The books had helped her to this. 7. Quote: â€Å"She smiled and smiled, and when it all came out, she walked home and her brother never climbed into her sleep again. In many ways she would miss him, but she could never miss his deadly eyes on the floor of the train or the sound of a cough that killed. † (Zusak 473) Explanation: Both reading and time had healed her mentally and that’s what Mangano 9 stopped her nightmares from continuing. She also finally accepted the fact her brother died next to her while she was watching and that there was nothing she could’ve done to stop it. She was ready to move on from that time in her life, even though she knew she’d still always miss him. She just wouldn’t miss him haunting her at night anymore. 8. Quote: â€Å"She was still clutching the book. She was holding desperately on to the words who had saved her life. † (Zusak 499) Explanation: Writing and reading saved Liesel’s life both figuratively and literally. Just like her Papa, Hans Huberman, who was saved in his first war by having to read and write letters, reading and writing also saved Liesel. And just like what happened to Hans in that war, everyone around her died, but she was safe. 9. Quote: â€Å" ‘Max,’ she said. He turned and briefly closed his eyes as the girl continued. ‘There was once a strange, small man,’ she said. Her arms were loose but her hands were fists at her side. ‘But there was a word shaker, too. ’ † (Zusak 512) Explanation: When she read in the second and third air raid she was becoming the word shaker. Now seeing Max and where he was, she reminded him of that and of who he was. He wasn’t alone. His book had helped her realize that neither was she. 10. Quote: â€Å" ‘I thought if you’re not going to read any more of my books, you might like to write one instead. Your letter, it was†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ She handed the book to Liesel with both hands. You can certainly write. You write well. ’ † (Zusak 523) Explanation: This is a turning point in Liesel’s career. Liesel goes from being the reader of a book to the writer of one. Reading books, like Liesel had, helps you write better and it gives you a broader pers pective on things around you. Liesel was obviously Mangano 10 a pretty good writer, and it was evident because of the way the mayor’s wife spoke to Liesel about it. Mangano 11 â€Å"Work Cited† Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Simon amp; Schuster Paperbacks, 1951. Zusak, Markus. The Book Thief. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.

Free Essays on Hamlet’s Troubled Mind

Hamlet’s Troubled Mind â€Å" †¦To be, or not to be: that is the question†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Probably the most quoted line in the history of dramatic literature, not bad, for a madman. In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, our hero is haunted by the ghost of his kingly father who was viscously and premeditatedly murdered by the King’s own shameless wife and coveting brother. Imagine if you will a specter of your dead father appearing before you and divulging a secret so intense it plants the seeds of insanity. Tragedy is defined as a form of drama in which a person of superior intelligence and character, a leader of the community, is overcome by the very obstacles he struggles against. Never has there been a more fitting definition written for one character, never has there been a more sorrowful, pitifully tormented human being than Hamlet. Our hero walks on the cliff’s edge of sanity and insanity through out his single-minded task of bittersweet revenge, drifting closer to the edge wi th every turn of the page. Nothing it seems will veer him from his path of righteousness, not understanding, not reason, not friendship or family, or the mightiest emotion of them all, love. Hamlet is faced with the knowledge that his own mother stole away his beloved father for her own sinful pleasures of the flesh, this thought to say the least, is maddening for our righteous hero. As if the grief felt by a loved one’s passing were not enough, this deceitful, hideous act of treasonous lust is thrust upon Hamlet’s weary mind, leading his head and heart in a downward spiral to despair and madness. This explains why Hamlet’s love for Ophelia, the alluring daughter of Polonius, was buried within his father’s casket. How does one forgive a mother for killing the father? How does one love an uncle knowing your father’s body rots and decays beneath the dirt, because the brother placed him there? Hamlet’s mind must have traveled into the depth ’s o... Free Essays on Hamlet’s Troubled Mind Free Essays on Hamlet’s Troubled Mind Hamlet’s Troubled Mind â€Å" †¦To be, or not to be: that is the question†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Probably the most quoted line in the history of dramatic literature, not bad, for a madman. In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, our hero is haunted by the ghost of his kingly father who was viscously and premeditatedly murdered by the King’s own shameless wife and coveting brother. Imagine if you will a specter of your dead father appearing before you and divulging a secret so intense it plants the seeds of insanity. Tragedy is defined as a form of drama in which a person of superior intelligence and character, a leader of the community, is overcome by the very obstacles he struggles against. Never has there been a more fitting definition written for one character, never has there been a more sorrowful, pitifully tormented human being than Hamlet. Our hero walks on the cliff’s edge of sanity and insanity through out his single-minded task of bittersweet revenge, drifting closer to the edge wi th every turn of the page. Nothing it seems will veer him from his path of righteousness, not understanding, not reason, not friendship or family, or the mightiest emotion of them all, love. Hamlet is faced with the knowledge that his own mother stole away his beloved father for her own sinful pleasures of the flesh, this thought to say the least, is maddening for our righteous hero. As if the grief felt by a loved one’s passing were not enough, this deceitful, hideous act of treasonous lust is thrust upon Hamlet’s weary mind, leading his head and heart in a downward spiral to despair and madness. This explains why Hamlet’s love for Ophelia, the alluring daughter of Polonius, was buried within his father’s casket. How does one forgive a mother for killing the father? How does one love an uncle knowing your father’s body rots and decays beneath the dirt, because the brother placed him there? Hamlet’s mind must have traveled into the depth ’s o...

Assignment #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

#2 - Assignment Example In addition, they structure human perception in a religious, political and personal level. Advancements in technology and globalization in the present century have intensified the changes in public viewpoints. In the main, matters pertaining to facts, uprightness, and even holiness are argued out based on conflicting religious, chauvinistic, cultural and ideological narrations. Barry Levinsons â€Å"Wag the Dog† is a petrifying political satire that is both worryingly conceivable and swift, side-splitting and endearingly mouth-watering. There is a media bombardment that accompanies any present-day international predicament. In the movie, it is clearly evidenced how easy it is to concoct public agitation and the dubiousness that accompanies the intentions. Levinsons movie is a satire of how reality can be altered to serve certain interest and produce a public perception. Stories are created and some cooked up with an aim of deceiving the press and influencing human reasoning. For instance, a representation of a smart bomb disintegrating into an Iraqi smokestack imprisons the nations imaginings to a point that their opinion on the government or the Iraq inhabitants changes. After watching the movie, one finds it hard to trust any information from any media outlet. The story evidences that human opinion is undeniably controlled by the office-bearers fo r their own personal interests. Joan Didion’s â€Å"Fixed Ideas† explores the government’s efforts to construct an imperial America based on the 9/11 assaults by extremists. This has largely created a disconnection among Americans who now hold varied opinions. As a result, the society demonizes personalities who do not uphold their standpoint or present dissimilar viewpoints. Didion prods into the logic and hidden agendas of the policymakers on matters concerning warfare. The narrative ideology is evident in the way the State House presents

Groupware SLP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Groupware SLP - Research Paper Example The organization further subdivided its members in to Special Interest Groups of 34 different areas such as computer-human interaction and mobile communications. The ACM website (www.acm.org) is a large website which consisted of variety of resources such as journal articles, special interest groups, details about conferences, blogs, and news. All though some of the resources are free, paid membership is necessary to access the digital library and other benefits including awards and conferences. The website (home page) links with about 18 sections including publications, special interest groups, news and awards. Since the ACM try to cover all possible details about computing, the contents of the site are less specific and diluted. Although they do not publish commercial advertisement (such as Google ads) in the home page they have used much of it space (in the home page) to popularize their activities which usually require a paid membership. Photographs and quotes of the members and winners have been used for these purposes. They have placed commercial advertisements mostly as banners in some of the links/sections (example: ads in the section â€Å"Online Books & Courses†). Irrespective to its usage of â€Å"org† (organization) in the web address it provides very limited amount of free/open access information to the internet users where the usual practice of the most organizations is to provide more free information much as possible (Postel, 1984 & Gray, 1999) . According to the ACM the target audience is anyone interested on professional or educational computing (ACM, 2005). However the content and the arrangement of the website are not interesting and not attractive. They were unable to narrow down the activities to meet with the objectives. The real purpose of this website and the benefit to the audience is difficult to understand. Further the real effect and the validity of the activities such as conferences and the awards are not clear. Even though

A Subsidiary of an MNC in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

A Subsidiary of an MNC in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example Best Company, Inc, 2011). All these factors are set to affect political and financial stability of Saudi Arabia. The paper will look into the political and financial risks that will affect a subsidiary of an MNC coming to do business in Saudi Arabia for the first time. Political Risk The political risk in Saudi Arabia is moderate. Saudi Arabia is among the six countries that frame the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The objectives of GCC are formulation of consistent regulatory environment, cooperation of the private sector, and the establishment of a common currency. The regional political unrest, mainly in Bahrain, is a major concern for Saudi Arabia. There are expectations that King Abdullah will go on with his reform agendas in the next few years (A.M. Best Company, Inc, 2011). There are pressures mounting on the ruling House of Saud and several factors are set to compromise the political stability of the Kingdom. The first factor is the long-term implications of the population e xplosion in the Kingdom in the past 25 years. Population explosion linked with rapid urbanization, insufficient education system, persistent and increase in the numbers, and the lack of employment opportunities is straining the Saudi Arabia social fabric. The extensive unemployment among the young males is because of the education system that has failed to equip them with the necessary skills required to match the â€Å"Saudi Arabia’s requirements for a modern economic, commercial and industrial workplace† (Corbett, 2006). The labor market of Saudi Arabia is unable to sustain the huge number of new entrants together with the increasing number of educated women looking for employment. The state education system has failed to generate productive members in the society and thus, it has underpinned the employment problem. Primary and secondary education is based on the religious curriculum and this education material has been under criticism because it has encouraged stude nts to be prejudiced towards the other religions apart from Islam. The resultant effect has been that some Saudi Arabians have become vulnerable to radicalization and terrorist recruitment. Political instability fears are due to the succession issues and, perhaps, they may be a western obsession that is frequently accompanied by the failure to acknowledge how senior princes of the Kingdom have achieved collaboration in the past years. The succession debate has put a lot of pressure on the political stability of the nation. The debate is focusing on the time the leadership will go to the next generation. Despite the present pressures, Saudi Arabia is proving its resilience and it has started adapting to the challenges. As the reforms gather speed, the projections for long-term stability are improving. Short-term measures include effective measures to contain terrorism threat. In the meantime, the royal family â€Å"will continue to work towards addressing the underlying causes of in stability, attempting to reinvigorate confidence in its leadership among the Saudi Arabian public† (Corbett, 2006). Financial Risk The financial system risk in Saudi Arabia is low. Saudi Arabia business environment is average and the reliability and availability of corporate financial data or information varies widely. The collection of debt sometimes proves to be difficult because of the poor administration framework. The

Patricia Piccinini and David Hockney Comparison

Patricia Piccinini and David Hockney Comparison Art explores many elements of life and the world. It explores and represents meanings in which are interpreted by the audience in various ways. Artists use different techniques to enhance their own individual message or perspective, whether it be distinctively clear or subtle. Artists such as Patricia Piccinini explore identity through life-like animal sculptures that resemble human characteristics. Her message is more powerful in analysis rather than first glance. David Hockney is also an artist who explores identity of the individual by representing lifes journey through his technique of photo montage. Art is the representation of the many elements of human life. It is the expression of emotion, the representation of objects or landscapes, life experiences and it can also be the representation of people and events. Identity can be represented as well as constructed in the visual arts. Many artists are able to do this in diverse and individual ways. Patricia Piccininis controversial artworks explore the identity and contrast between human and animal life. David Hockneys photo montage illustrates a very different approach to represent and construct identity. His artwork explores this concept through a narrative based artwork that represents lifes individual journey each must take in order to construct ones true identity. However, it is not only these two artists that explore identity. There are numerous artists who explore identity in a variety of ways. Some more subtle than others. This is because identity can be explored in so many different ways. Identity can be seen as a national identity, community identity, cultural, physical, professional, individual, sexual-orientation or marital status etc. There are many artists that explore these identities. Piccinini has explored the physical identity and relationship between human and animal. Whereas Hockney has explored the individual identity, and the path we journey through our lives Identity can be defined as individual characteristics by which a person is recognised or known. Art is a mirror image of a persons identity, circle of influence, and perceived worlds or realities. Art reflects what we feel, think, practice, believe, or imagine (Gaskins, N. 2010). Both Patricia Piccinini and David Hockney represent this in different ways by taking different approaches. Piccininis work is known for her extravagant and controversial life-like sculptures which present a more obvious meaning than that of Hockney. Through the use of symbolism, Hockneys photo montage creates a more subtle representation of identity. It is only with more analysis that Hockneys creation can be more understood. Although the audience perspectives can vary in conclusion as each individual can perceive this narrative type artwork and relate to the journey offered and constructed in different ways. The Young Family (2002-3) Apart from the image that is represented, there is often a second meaning within the artwork, (Clack, M. 2010). At a glance; the work of Patricia Piccinini is disturbing and questionable, hence the reason for the controversial perspectives. However if looked at with more depth and analysis, her artworks become interestingly engaging. The way in which she represents and constructs identity is far different to other artists. Patricia Piccinini is an artist who explores the frontiers of science and technology through her sculptures, photographs and video environments (Kent, R. 2002). Within her artwork she is able to construct a powerful message; that enables her to express personal view on a topic. The work makes public something other than itself; it manifests something other; it is an allegory (Clack, M. 2010). Personal identity and the issues surrounding it lie at the core of Piccininis project. Her works invite the question: what is it that makes us who we are? (Kent, R. 2002). Her artwork titled, The Young Family (2003) has sparked a lot of controversy because of the many perspectives it represents. Her life-like imagery is about compromises about being able to find beauty in a world which can never be perfect. (Papastergiadis, N. 2002). This artwork explores the distinction between animal and human characteristics. The similarities of both identities are obvious, which is what Patricia Piccinini is trying to portray. In a political and scientific perspective the inspiration behind this work is the expectation that we have of growing human organs in other species (Piccinini, P. 2003). In this artwork motherhood is one of the traits we share with animals; Patricia Piccinini has evidently shown this. From synthetic landscapes to artificial life forms, Piccinini creates a world in which fa ct, fiction and fantasy co-exist. She begs the question: what, in our rapidly changing world, constitutes the real anyway? (Kent, R. 2002). Pearblossom Hwy (1986) David Hockneys artwork, Pearblossom Hwy approaches the representation of identity in another way. Hockneys work clearly depicts his life and his love ones (Research Paper 2008). Represented in his artworks is a timeline of individual life on earth. He identifies that individuals have many paths they need to be inevitably travelled with many obstacles on the way. The art work consists of a lot of symbolism. Hockney has used the various stop signs in order to represent the individuals own life obstacles. In life many people will stop to think, is this decision Im about to make the right one? What path should I follow next? Who am I as an individual? etc. One of the many perspectives this artwork offers is that the collage is trying to say that in the beginning of life, people are unknowing of what they will do in their future or that they are lost in life. The end of the highway symbolizes certainty and strength about ones life. (Research Paper 2008). Hockneys art is created for his viewers. His drawings are designed in a special way so that they can be animated to be in the mind of the viewer (Research Paper 2008). David Hockneys aim is to take the audience on a journey that he has created, but one that means something different to each individual. This journey is the exploration of identity. He has captured within this artwork the similarities in lifes journeys, but it is how each individual interprets the story. Identity varies from society to society and individual to individual as variation of systems or personality (Art. 2010). In comparison to Patricia Piccininis artwork, The young family, Hockneys artwork relates solely to each individual. It explores numerous story lines as the interpretation of his artwork differs for each audience member. The identity he explores is more easily related to than that of Piccinini. Patricias outlook on identity explores the similarities between human and animal characteristics, very similar to the evolution theory, the apes transition into human form. Ideas about nature and its simulation are central to Piccininis works, inviting us to question what is real and what is not (Kent, R. 2002). Whereas Hockneys, Pearblossom Hwy explores the concept of what will the individuals future bring? Who am I? Who will I become?. It is more an intimate reflection of ones self. In conclusion, there are many artists who explore and represent identity in many forms and techniques. So in evaluating what is art. Many believe that it is the representation of the many elements of human life such as emotions, objects or landscapes, life experiences, people and events. Patricia Piccinini and David Hockney, while they both explore identity, their ideas and perspectives are entirely different. Patricia Piccininis controversial artworks explore the identity and contrast between human and animal life. While David Hockneys photo montage illustrates a narrative based artwork that represents lifes individual journey each must take in order to construct ones true identity.

Context and Contradictions in Platos Phaedrus and Platos Symposium Es

Context and Contradictions in Plato's Phaedrus and Plato's Symposium It is well known that Plato, a devoted student of Socrates, chronicled many of Socrates' speeches and conversations. Every so often one can find instances where Socrates and other players in these conversations seem to contradict themselves, or at least muddle their arguments. One such occurrence of this is in Plato's Symposium and Plato's Phaedrus. Both texts speak of love in its physical sense, both texts describe love and its effects, and both discuss how it is best realized, yet they do this in very different fashions, and for different reasons. Plato's Phaedrus is a conversation between Socrates and Phaedrus. In this conversation the young Phaedrus is overjoyed to tell Socrates of the speech that he had just heard Lysias, "The best writer living" (Plato Phaedrus 22), tell. In this speech Lysias uses his rhetorical skills to argue that physical love without emotional attachment is preferable to physical love with emotional attachment, "That is the clever thing about it; he makes out that an admirer who is not in love is to be preferred to one who is" (Plato Phaedrus 22). Socrates listens to this speech, as relayed by Phaedrus and quickly becomes aware that this speech was a ploy by Lysias to get Phaedrus into bed with him. Socrates then fashions a speech, on the spot, that argues the same points that Lysias did. Socrates? speech is going well but is interrupted by "divine sign." Socrates then has to fashion a new speech that renounces the blasphemous nature of the first. Socrates? second speech contains the famous image of l ove as a charioteer with two horses. He also addresses the nature of the soul and the effects that love has on it (which will be ... ...ut different contexts and thus different ideals. The differences in the manner in which they reference love is nothing short of appalling. It would seem as though Eros was a God who (and whose gifts) came under much criticism, so much so that Socrates and Phaedrus needed to define Eros, both the verb and the God. Then the same discussion takes place in Symposium but with quite a different outcome. Men are Men; they change, as do their ideas. In this case the change in ideas came from context; different goals were trying to be achieved. This does not mean that either text is more or less valid or has more or less value than the other. For in both Eros is still given his due. Works Cited: Plato. "Phaedrus." The Works of Plato. Trans. B. Jowett. New York: The Dial Press, n.d. Plato. The Symposium. Ed. Christopher Gill. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1999.

Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture

Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture by Bernard M. Bass , Bruce J. Avolio The organization's culture develops in large part from its leadership while the culture of an organization can also affect the development of its leadership. For example, transactional leaders work within their organizational cultures following existing rules, procedures, and norms; transformational leaders change their culture by first understanding it and then realigning the organization's culture with a new vision and a revision of its shared assumptions, values, and norms (Bass, 1985). Effective organizations require both tactical and strategic thinking as well as culture building by its leaders. Strategic thinking helps to create and build the vision of an agency's future. The vision can emerge and move forward as the leader constructs a culture that is dedicated to supporting that vision. The culture is the setting within which the vision takes hold. In turn, the vision may also determine the characteristics of the organization's culture. Transformational leaders have been characterized by four separate components or characteristics denoted as the 4 Is of transformational leadership (Avolio, Waldman, and Yammarino (1991). These four factors include idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Transformational leaders integrate creative insight, persistence and energy, intuition and sensitivity to the needs of others to â€Å"forge the strategy-culture alloy† for their organizations. In contrast, transactional leaders are characterized by contingent reward and management-by-exception styles of leadership. Essentially, transactional leaders develop exchanges or agreements with their followers, pointing out what the followers will receive if they do something right as well as wrong. They work within the existing culture, framing their decisions and action based on the operative norms and procedures characterizing their respective organizations. In a highly innovative and satisfying organizational culture we are likely to see transformational leaders who build on assumptions such as: people are trustworthy and purposeful; everyone has a unique contribution to make; and complex problems are handled at the lowest level possible. Leaders who build such cultures and articulate them to followers typically exhibit a sense of vision and purpose. They align others around the vision and empower others to take greater responsibility for achieving the vision. Such leaders facilitate and teach followers. They foster a culture of creative change and growth rather than one which maintains the status quo. They take personal responsibility for the development of their followers. Their followers operate under the assumption that all organizational members should be developed to their full potential.

Words for Telling the Future

Words for Telling the Future Words for Telling the Future Words for Telling the Future By Maeve Maddox Even as scientists explore Quantum Theory, ancient practices for divining the future continue to flourish. Ronald and Nancy Reagan regularly consulted astrologers, and many newspaper readers check the astrology column before looking at anything else. Tarot readers and palm readers make a living at it. Here are some words writers might want to use in describing some of these practices. Divination is the practice of foreseeing the future or finding out hidden knowledge by some means or other. Ancient Romans studied the flight of birds to determine whether or not the day was favorable for some action. This method of divination is called augury. The verb to augur means to predict or indicate the future. One could say, missing a step on the way out of the house, That does not augur well! Romans had a specialized diviner called a haruspex who cut open animals and examined their entrails. This practice is called haruspicy. Several words that end in -mancy refer to methods of divination. Geomancy interprets markings on the ground, or the piles or patterns made by dirt when it is tossed. The geo comes from the word for earth. Necromancy involves summoning up the dead, the way King Saul did when he called on the Witch of Endor. The necro comes from the Greek word for dead. Sometimes necromancy is used to refer to any kind of black magic that involves the summoning of demons. Oneiromancy is divination by dreams. Bibliomancy is divining by opening a book at random and reading the first phrase that ones eyes light upon. Although the Bible is often the book used for this form of divination, other books are used. The biblio comes from Greek and Latin words for paper or scroll. The Bible is literally the Book. Another word for this practice is sortes. Some other familiar types of divination: Palmistry is divination by reading the lines on the palm of the hand. Phrenology is divination by feeling the bumps on a persons head. This practice was really popular in Victorian times. Many novelists have their characters talk about it. Astrology predicts a persons future according to alignment of the stars and planets. Dowsing is a method of finding the location of water or other underground substances with the use of a forked stick or wire. Clairvoyance is divination by second sight. Numerology is divination with numbers Sortilege is divination by casting lots. Priests do it in the Old Testament. Finally, two practices that you know about, but probably dont know the words for, are those of reading tea leaves and gazing into a crystal ball. Tasseography is the word for reading the future in tea leaves at the bottom of a cup. Scrying is what the gypsy does when she looks into her crystal ball and tells you that you are going to come into a large sum of money. If you ever doubted that English has a word for everything, take a look at these sites that feature lists of divination of every kind: Online etymology dictionary Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational Writing26 Feel-Good Words50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses

How to Return a Value in JavaScript

How to Return a Value in JavaScript The best way to pass information back to code that called a function in JavaScript is to write the function so the values that are used by the function are passed to it as parameters and the function returns whatever value it needs to without using or updating any global variables. By limiting the way in which information is passed to and from functions, it is easier to reuse the same function from multiple places in the code. JavaScript Return Statement JavaScript provides for passing one value back to the code that called it after everything in the function that needs to run has finished running. JavaScript passes a value from a function back to the code that called it by using the return statement. The value to be returned is specified in the return. That value can be a  constant value, a variable, or a calculation where the result of the calculation is returned. For example: return 3;return xyz;return true;return x / y 27;​You can include multiple return statements into your function each of which returns a different value. In addition to returning the specified value the return statement also acts as an instruction to exit from the function at that point. Any code that follows the return statement will not be run.function num(x, y) {if (x ! y) {return false;}if (x 5) {return 5;}return x;} The above function shows how you control which return statement is run by using if statements. The value that is returned from a call to a function is the value of that function call. For example, with that function, you can set a variable to the value that is returned using the following code (which would set result to 5). var result num(3,3); The difference between functions and other variables is that the function has to be run in order to determine its value. When you need to access that value in multiple places in your code, it is more efficient to run the function once and assign the value returned to a variable. That variable is used in the rest of the calculations.

Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Questions - Coursework Example However, sales people do face challenges in the course of their work. For instance, a salesperson promises to deliver goods to a customer in two days. In this case, a promise has been made, and it is either be kept or broken by the company’s distribution department. When the promise is broken, many people in the society have a perception that sales persons are dishonest. Members of the society have had bad experiences with personal selling, as they perceive sales people as annoying and over aggressive. A marketing mix is a method used by sales people to market their goods and services. The marketing mix is important when determining a brand’s offer. There are four P’s that are associated with marketing mix: product, price, Place and Promotion. The marketing mix is used to optimize the promotional tactics and advertising mix to increase sales. The selling act fits into the marketing mix through advertising, for instance, one has to ensure that the products meets the ideal 4 Ps for them to meet high demand in the market (Martin, 2009). Cold canvassing method is a traditional method used in selling process. It refers to the first call made to a potential customer. One of the major disadvantages of cold canvassing is that scammers have also used it, an element that has led to an escalation in fraud. Cold canvassing is perceived to be annoying by the customers, and this method might not attract success in businesses. Further, one may fail to get the best-qualified candidates for a certain post. Additionally, it may consume more time to convince potential employees. To achieve success in sales, the salesperson must first set goals and objectives and focus on achieving the goals after every sales call. Sales calls without clear outline objectives are wastage of time and company’s resources. It is important for a sales person to establish objectives to determine the

Human security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human security - Essay Example The author believes that the deeper understanding on the ideas will be attained by examining the opposing and concordant views on human security. The articles reviewed have become as compelling as they present realistic and eye-opener accounts, yet antithetical in some degree. Overview of Chandler’s Work The article by David Chandler entitled, Human Security: The Dog That Didn’t Bark provides an important revelation on the â€Å"deconstruction of myth that human security shows a typical conflict between the state and the individual security† (Owen 2008). Chandler’s article is based on the analysis of the two books namely, Human Security: Concepts and Implications written by Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh & Anuradha M. Chenoy and A Decade of Human Security: Global Governance and New Multilateralisms written by Mclean, Black & Shaw. Chandler started his argument through citing the idea that global policy making overbearingly suggests two different views. One view poi nted out the construal of the dynamics of the society’s power relationships and inequalities, as well as insecurities. The other view pertained to the idea of identifying the interrelatedness, interconnection, and susceptibilities of security threats and the urgency for composite, cooperative, human-centered answers. Chandler’s First Argument While Tadjbakhsh and Chenoy claimed that human, as well as the state, should work interdependently, Chandler (2008) conceded that human and the state are indivisible, yet gave consideration to the importance of examining the problem that transpires regarding the state’s collaboration of its idea outside of its absolute model. Chandler ended up criticizing that the authors are more involved with advocacies instead of the evaluation of definite process of human security. Chandler’s first argument stated that â€Å"human security exaggerates new post-cold war security threats† (Chandler 2008, 435). This argument is compelling as it contradicts to the paradigm of human security. The author contended that one of the prevailing reasons why the human security has been applied wrongly by the state is because it overstated the post-cold war security threats. Chandler (2008) claimed that with the absence of conventional adversaries like terrorists, human security processes close the gap securitization issue like environmental, health, and economic security. Nevertheless, inquiry is not about how these issues are securitized but rather it is more important to evaluate the result of these actions. Since Chandler declined to elaborate the result of these actions, it is safe to assume that he falls short of accusing Tadjbakhsh and Chenoy for not considering the connection between normative theory and policy procedures. Chandler’s Second Argument Further, Chandler (2008, 435) argued that â€Å"human security advocates locate these threats in the developing world.† While there are other pa rt of the developed countries, which also have security problems, advocates can also be considered as correct since majority of the people who experienced security problems like extreme poverty are located in developing countries. These people are more vulnerable that is why it has given more attention. In contrast, Chandler (2008) argued that the causal link of human security processes in a globalized world do not exist at all is somewhat questionable since the actual connection solely depends on what dependent variable is utilized. As what Paris (2001) suggests,

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Project Management - Essay Example Some of the cost are administrative, utility bills, etc. this cost are involved in the budget preparation using an agreed rate stating that indirect cost not to exceed a given percentage of the total cost, most project use 15 percent. No, because other costs e.g. taxes and interests that were not involved in execution of the project either directly or indirectly were deducted from the revenue after selling the project. From my point of view the project seems to generate revenue over time as compared to selling it at the completion which will fetch a low price. Average cost of concrete worker per hour (ACW/H) is $ 24.83 (â€Å"Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted†, n.d.). These overhead charges are the costs that will be incur as the pouring of the reinforced concrete is executed, also referred to as indirect cost. The total estimate cost is $ 67,596. According to (Parker & Isola, 1991) overhead charges charge should not exceed 15% It is very important when a construction project or any other project is being implemented the overhead cost ought to be considered and caution to be taken, so as to prevent budget from being in crisis. Steel is one of the vital components required in reinforcing concrete. When the price of steel increases this has a negative impact to the budget of the project. This normally happens due to inflation or other factors that affect prices in the market. An increase in price will force the project manager to reduce the fund allocated to other activities or to source other funds to overcome the deficit. In budget preparation it is advisable that a 20 percent excess of the actual estimate should be added so as to take care of scenario like this one(Parker & Isola, 1991). Whenever hurricanes occur they cause destruction or

Different types of business information Essay Example for Free

Different types of business information Essay Verbal Communication Speaking verbal to someone is speaking out loud. This includes talking face to face, in a meeting or in an interview. The advantages of verbal communication are it is a fast way to reach information but this information can be easily forgotten. Another advantage is that speech is direct and straight to the point. Another advantage is that if you ask a question you get answer straight away no need to wait around. However they are some disadvantages if you are talking to someone it may not be legal to talk to about specific topics. Another disadvantage is they are no proof to say you have spoke to that person. Also if you are speaking to someone who does not speak English it is going to take time and money to get a translator. Also another disadvantage is not everyone is listening. Face to Face Speaking face to face is a good way to communicate because you are they talking to them and you can ask those questions and get a reply straight away, also if you didn’t understand something you could just ask them to repeat themselves. However they are some disadvantages, if the person you’re talking to speaks a different language, words can be misunderstood. Phone Call Making a phone call to someone has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of a phone call is you can tell someone information quick and easy and you would get an answer straight away. Another advantage is that you can get straight to the point and you can make a phone call anywhere. The disadvantages of making a phone call is your words could be misunderstood and your line could break up. Non-Verbal Communication Digital Email Email is very quick and a very easy way of getting in touch with other people. Once you send an email its sends instantly, so they will receive it a lot faster than if you would have sent it by a letter in the post. There are some disadvantages you need a secure internet link to send emails, also you have to type the correct email address in these complications mean many people prefer to make phone calls instead of emails. Non Digital Written Communication This is an old fashion way of communicating with other people, the advantages there is none we have faster and better technology to communicate. The disadvantages are is slow, the postal service takes up to 3 days just to deliver the letter that’s if it even gets to the address because nowadays post can get lost in the system.

Hemingway’s The Green Hills of Africa CRH Essays -- Green Hills of Af

Hemingway’s The Green Hills of Africa CRH The Green Hills of Africa is Hemingway’s second non-fiction work, set in 1933, following the author and his second wife, Pauline, on a big-game safari in Africa. It was first serialized and then published in 1935. The first run was of 10,500 copies selling at $2.75 a piece. While many smaller critics passed their typical glossy review of Hemingway, those at the height of literary criticism bombarded it. Particularly with respect to what Hemingway claimed the novel was. In the foreword of the novel, Ernest Hemingway writes, â€Å"The writer has attempted to write an absolutely true book to see whether the shape of a country and the pattern of a month’s action can, if truly presented, compete with a work of the imagination.†1 Fittingly the critical response to Hemingway’s second non-fiction work examined the novel in that respect, as well as in its achievement as a free-standing novel. The initial responses to the Green Hills of Africa fall into three categories: poor, indifferent, and promising. Starting with the poor reviews, always Hemingway’s favorites, John Chamberlain of the New York Times calls the novel â€Å"simply an overextended book about hunting†, not the â€Å"profound philosophical experience† that the foreword proposes it is. Further, it is â€Å"not one of Hemingway’s major works.†2 Newsweek says, â€Å"He said he wanted to write a novel and earn enough money to go back to Africa to "learn more about lions" and that is all he did.†3 Perhaps the most biting criticism comes from Edmund Wilson: As soon as Hemingway begins speaking in the first person, he seems to lose his bearings, not merely as a critic of life, but even as a craftsman.... Almost the only thing we learn abou... ...al format. 5. http://www.hemingwaysociety.org/virthem.htm This site provides many useful links to all aspects of Hemingway, including his writing, criticism, and other useful links. 1 Foreword, Ernest Hemingway, Green Hills of Africa 2 http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/07/04/specials/hemingway-green2.html 3 Africa: Book Hemingway Wrote So He Could Rejoin the Lions Newsweek, 6, October 26, 1935, 39-40 4 http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/hemingway.htm 5 pg. 157, Ernest Hemingway: The Critical Reception, Burt Franklin and Co. 1977 6 pp22, 50, The Literary Reputation of Hemingway in Europe, Leteres Modernes, 1965 7 pg. 157, Ernest Hemingway: The Critical Reception, Burt Franklin and Co. 1977 8 pg. 154, Ernest Hemingway: The Critical Reception, Burt Franklin and Co. 1977 9 152, Ernest Hemingway: The Critical Reception, Burt Franklin and Co. 1977

Detailed Overview of HIV Essay -- Biology AIDS

Since the onset of the HIV/AIDS epidemic 15 years ago, the virus has infected more than 47 million people in the world. With more than 2.2 million deaths in 1998, HIV/AIDS has now become the fourth leading cause of mortality and its impact is going to increase. Over 95% of all cases and 95% of AIDS deaths occur in the developing world, mostly among young adults and increasingly in women. HIV can be prevented in many ways, but they are not always followed. People die when they don't play it safe. That's why we have to spread the word on prevention. There are three main ways that HIV can be spread: 1. sexual intercourse 2. intravenous drugs 3. blood transfusions (which are very rare now because all blood is tested) HIV is spreading like wild fire among adolescents because they don't believe it can happen to them. Sixty-one percent of 14-21 year olds are engaged in sexual intercourse. The problem we have to deal with is the spreading of this disease among our generation. Scientists are trying to develop a cure for the AIDS virus. There are three parts to finding the cure. The three parts are: 1. To devise a drug that will kill the HIV virus once it enters the body. 2. To create a vaccine that would prevent the disease. 3. To educate people world wide about the dangers of AIDS and how to prevent the HIV infection. In humans, the immune system acts as a line of defense against foreign organisms in the body. Though the immune system functions throughout the body, its production centers from certain key organs in the body. Various specialized cells are produced by these organs and comprise the immune system. For example: * Lymphocytes o B Cells o T Cells * Macropha... ...CR5. The CCR5 demonstrated fusion for all of the macrophages-tropic isolates but hardly at all for the T-tropic isolates, further supporting previous conclusions on the role of CCR5. Finally the researchers took a northern blot of CCR5 to analysis its RNA. CCR5 RNA was not found in the human cell lines that were tested. The human cell lines were chosen with the criteria that they were not susceptible to M-tropic isolates. Their test further supported the fact that Fusin was used as a receptor for T-tropic virus strains, and when the two strains were compared CCR5 and Fusin are the only fusion cofactors for HIV. Understanding these coreceptors is very important in slowing down the progression of the HIV virus. The HIV virus is irreversible and can only be slowed down. If they can learn more about how the virus enters cells they might be able to deter the virus.

Great Northern American Case Study Essay

The textbook defines perception as the process by which the individual selects, organizes, interprets, and responds to information. The Oxford dictionary defines perception as the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses; the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Your perception is your reality, therefore statements such as, â€Å"the customer is always right,† hold true to a certain extent. What people perceive is what they believe, based on what they see, hear, and think. Perception affects decision making and the choices people make. This is why it is imperative not only for the salespeople of Great Northern American to understand how people form perceptions, but this is important for any person looking to build business relationships and loyal customers. Customer satisfaction is crucial to create business relationships and repeat customers. To be successful, salespeople must quickly identify opportunities and predict t he changing needs and wants of customers. â€Å"Recent advances in customer equity research have rekindled the importance of understanding how customers form perceptions of satisfaction and quality (Blattberg and Deighton, 1996).† It is also essential for Joe Salatino’s sales force to understand that the drivers of customer satisfaction may shift over time. Things happen gradually and people’s perception may change. Why do consumers choose certain products to purchase over others? According to Don Shapiro, President and Founder of First Concepts Consultants, Inc, â€Å"People say yes because they see a high perceived value in what is offered for sale.† If perceptions of value are high, the more likely the sale will be made. â€Å"Closing the sale is primarily about raising the customers’ perceptions of value as high as possible (Shapiro, 2012).† This is where things like subscribing to prospects’ local newspapers and researching things they value come into play. â€Å"The ave rage experienced and trained sales person does not go far enough in developing these things with their prospects. They do enough to be a good producer but  lose sales they could have closed had they just done a bit more. They simply do not fully understand what is going on inside their prospects’ minds, everything that might affect the prospects’ decisions and what would increase the prospects’ perceptions of value the most (Shapiro, 2012).† Some statistics say the top ten percent of salespeople comprehend what goes on inside a perspective client’s mind, their understanding of how people form perceptions gives them a competitive advantage. Attribution is the method in which people use information to make conclusions about the causes of behavior or events. The ability to determine how people make attributions is a tremendous positive for the salespeople of Great Northern American. This element gives them an opportunity to take the information in order to convince perspective clients to make the purchase. The 30-person sales force of the Great Northern American Telemarketing Company works on commission and bonuses, therefore I believe the expectancy theory would be most appropriate for Joe Salatino to apply. â€Å"In the inquiry of behavioral issues related to sales force compensation, expectancy theory has enjoyed substantial popularity. The expectancy theory suggests that both the desirability of the reward or compensation (referred to as valance) and an individual’s estimate of the likelihood of attaining that reward (referred to as expectancy) are important determinants of a salesperson’s behavior. In the context of sales compensation issues, expectancy theory suggests that any method of compensation should (1) tie reward to performance, and (2) strengthen the salesperson’s perceived connection between performance and the reward received (Chowdhury and Massad, 1997).† Motivational strategies are necessary for the expectancy theory, â€Å"motivation and performance are positively correlated. An increase in the level of motivation should correspond to an increase in the amount of effort expended in selling tasks, which in turn should improve performance (Chowdhury and Massad, 1997).† According to the case study, the Great Northern American salesroom features all kinds of motivational devices such as rotating blues lights along with noise and a fast pace, all which create a perfect environment for the expectancy theory. Executing the expectancy theory can prove to be a challenging, yet purposeful task that goes beyond an annual review. Six implementations Joe Salatino could use to apply the expectancy theory include: 1) to make expectations clear, 2) provide continuous feedback, 3)  use corrective actions privately, 4) believe in your employees, 5) use praise tactics publicly, and 6) make rewards achievable. According to David Burkus, the editor of LDRLB, employees without goals will be naturally aimless. Joe Salatino should provide his sales team with clear achiev able goals and make sure there are measurable standards in place to evaluate their performance. Giving immediate, continuous feedback allows an employee to know that their actions affect not just them, but the company as well. Joe should keep in mind that employees are motivated by setting goals and by receiving continuous feedback on where they stand relative to those goals. Recent research shows how rewarding it can be when employees are aware they are making progress. Most people are discouraged by negative feedback, especially if they feel it’s embarrassing. Therefore, the most adequate place to discuss an ongoing, performance-related issue or correcting a recent, specific error is in an office, with the door closed. Joe should also believe in his employees; the perception of a leaders’ trust is the key factor of revolutionary leadership. Make announcements of praise publicly, make everyone aware when an employee has made a particularly outstanding presentation, sale, or any other notable achievement. Even though competition at Great Northern American is stiff for the sales force due to the internet users, it is still important to make bonuses and rewards achievable. Vary the basis for the awards, for example, top sales might be one category, but other categories can include top research or most diligent. Distinguish that numerous types of merits can motivate your employees to focus on additional areas of their performance. Other ways Mr. Salatino can help improve employees’ performance is by helping employees to experience the mastery of their work and then add challenges as their mastery starts to unfold. Leverage social persuasion by igniting faith in employees while simultaneously arranging situations for their success. Highlight realistic models of engagement. Help employees develop endurance while reducing anxiety and depression so they know they can do what is necessary to produce a certain outcome. Self-efficacy refers to people’s belief in their ability to muster up what is necessary to exercise control over life’s challenges. â€Å"People with stronger self-efficacious beliefs tend to set higher personal goals and remain committed to those goals in the face of adversity. They also view challenges as tasks to be mastered  and recover quickly from setbacks. Self-efficacy is particularly relevant to success in sales where adversities such as rejection, stress, and competition are unavoidable aspects of the profession. When salespeople hold strong self efficacious beliefs, they are better able to adjust to adversity and more likely to remain committed to assisting customers, making sales, and meeting quotas. In contrast, for salespeople who lack confidence in their professional abilities, these adversities increase their sense of helplessness and decrease their commitment toward goal achievement, often leading to withdrawal from clients, the organization, or the profession (Lewin and Sager, 2010).† Joe Salatino can leverage an understanding of the value of self-efficacy to ensure he hires the most successful salespeople in a number of different ways. He needs to be sure not to confuse self-esteem, which is having a good view of yourself with self-efficacy, which is belief about your ability and capacity to accomplish a task or to deal with the challenges of life. By keeping these two things distinct, Joe can choose better qualified candidates for Great Northern American. There is a major variation in the degree to which salespeople perceive job conditions as stressful. Research has shown there are huge differences in the way individual salespeople respond to job stressors and view workloads. Self-efficacy is one of the determining factors. You can give identical sales situations to two people and it will be viewed very differently depending on the level of self-efficacy. A salesperson with low self-efficacy may find the assignment intolerable and extremely stressful, whereas an individual with high self-efficacy may perceive it as practical and not stressful at all. Concluding that low self-efficacy can make people believe that tasks are harder than they actually are; and may view job expectations as contrasting and confusing. Individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy are more capable of dealing with higher job demands and possess the ability to view difficult situations as a challenge rather than seeing them as a threat. Social cognitive theory suggests that individuals form beliefs about what they can and cannot do. Those beliefs are used to set individual goals, to predict consequences of behaviors, and to initiate actions required for goal achievement. Self-efficacy is the central mechanism of self-regulation. People’s beliefs in their efficacy influence the choices they make, their aspirations, how much effort they mobilize in a  given endeavor, how long they persevere in the face of difficulties and setbacks, whether their thought patterns are self-hindering or self-aiding, the amount of stress they experience in coping with taxing environmental demands, and their vulnerability to depression. Sales research views self-efficacy as a critical variable that can influence salespeople’s perceptions and responses to challenges and negative situations on the job. People with higher self-efficacy believe in their ability to handle their work well and are more likely to become successful in their careers. Self-efficacy enhances employees’ willingness to exert effort and master a challenge and thus, plays an important role in increasing work effectiveness, job satisfaction, and productivity. Because salespeople are monitored on their individual performance, experience high rates of rejection, and practice more autonomy, it is imperative for Mr. Salatino to select highly self-efficacious individuals. In addition to searching for individuals with excellent communication skills, those that possess an upbeat attitude and are highly self-motivated, it would be to Great Northern American’s advantage for Joe to search for individuals who also possess conscientiousness and extraversion. Having the knowledge that self-efficacy is derived from mastery experiences, social persuasion, and stress resilience will also aid in selecting the most successful salespeople to help build an even more successful company now and in the years to come. References Chowdhury, J., & Massad, V.J. (1997). An eclectic paradigm of salesperson compensation: toward a comprehensive framework of the determinants of sales compensation modes. Journal of Marketing Management (10711988), 7(1), 61-80. Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2012, November). Attribution Theory (Weiner) at Learning-Theories.com. Retrieved November 1st, 2012 from http://www.learning-theories.com/weiners-attribution-theory.html Lewin, J. E., & Sager, J. K. (2010). The Influence of Personal Characteristics and Coping Strategies on Salespersons’ Turnover Intentions. Journal Of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 30(4), 355-370. Shapiro, D. Why people buy: conclusions from 30 years studying prospects and salespeople. July 30, 2012. Retrieved on November 1, 2012 from http://www.marketingexecutives.biz/why-people-buy-conclusions-30-years-studying-prospects-and-salespeople